spaCy/website/docs/usage/training.md

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Introduction to training models

import Training101 from 'usage/101/_training.md'

If you need to label a lot of data, check out Prodigy, a new, active learning-powered annotation tool we've developed. Prodigy is fast and extensible, and comes with a modern web application that helps you collect training data faster. It integrates seamlessly with spaCy, pre-selects the most relevant examples for annotation, and lets you train and evaluate ready-to-use spaCy models.

Training CLI & config

The recommended way to train your spaCy models is via the spacy train command on the command line.

1. The training and evaluation data in spaCy's binary .spacy format created using spacy convert.
2. A config.cfg configuration file with all settings and hyperparameters.
3. An optional Python file to register custom models and architectures.

$ python -m spacy train train.spacy dev.spacy config.cfg --output ./output

Tip: Debug your data

The debug-data command lets you analyze and validate your training and development data, get useful stats, and find problems like invalid entity annotations, cyclic dependencies, low data labels and more.

$ python -m spacy debug-data en train.spacy dev.spacy --verbose

The easiest way to get started with an end-to-end training process is to clone a project template. Projects let you manage multi-step workflows, from data preprocessing to training and packaging your model.

When you train a model using the spacy train command, you'll see a table showing metrics after each pass over the data. Here's what those metrics means:

Name	Description
Dep Loss	Training loss for dependency parser. Should decrease, but usually not to 0.
NER Loss	Training loss for named entity recognizer. Should decrease, but usually not to 0.
UAS	Unlabeled attachment score for parser. The percentage of unlabeled correct arcs. Should increase.
NER P.	NER precision on development data. Should increase.
NER R.	NER recall on development data. Should increase.
NER F.	NER F-score on development data. Should increase.
Tag %	Fine-grained part-of-speech tag accuracy on development data. Should increase.
Token %	Tokenization accuracy on development data.
CPU WPS	Prediction speed on CPU in words per second, if available. Should stay stable.
GPU WPS	Prediction speed on GPU in words per second, if available. Should stay stable.

Note that if the development data has raw text, some of the gold-standard entities might not align to the predicted tokenization. These tokenization errors are excluded from the NER evaluation. If your tokenization makes it impossible for the model to predict 50% of your entities, your NER F-score might still look good.

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Training config files

Migration from spaCy v2.x

TODO: once we have an answer for how to update the training command (spacy migrate?), add details here

Training config files include all settings and hyperparameters for training your model. Instead of providing lots of arguments on the command line, you only need to pass your config.cfg file to spacy train. Under the hood, the training config uses the configuration system provided by our machine learning library Thinc. This also makes it easy to integrate custom models and architectures, written in your framework of choice. Some of the main advantages and features of spaCy's training config are:

• Structured sections. The config is grouped into sections, and nested sections are defined using the . notation. For example, [components.ner] defines the settings for the pipeline's named entity recognizer. The config can be loaded as a Python dict.
• References to registered functions. Sections can refer to registered functions like model architectures, optimizers or schedules and define arguments that are passed into them. You can also register your own functions to define custom architectures, reference them in your config and tweak their parameters.
• Interpolation. If you have hyperparameters used by multiple components, define them once and reference them as variables.
• Reproducibility with no hidden defaults. The config file is the "single source of truth" and includes all settings.
• Automated checks and validation. When you load a config, spaCy checks if the settings are complete and if all values have the correct types. This lets you catch potential mistakes early. In your custom architectures, you can use Python type hints to tell the config which types of data to expect.

https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/blob/develop/spacy/default_config.cfg

Under the hood, the config is parsed into a dictionary. It's divided into sections and subsections, indicated by the square brackets and dot notation. For example, [training] is a section and [training.batch_size] a subsections. Subsections can define values, just like a dictionary, or use the @ syntax to refer to registered functions. This allows the config to not just define static settings, but also construct objects like architectures, schedules, optimizers or any other custom components. The main top-level sections of a config file are:

Section	Description
training	Settings and controls for the training and evaluation process.
pretraining	Optional settings and controls for the language model pretraining.
nlp	Definition of the nlp object, its tokenizer and processing pipeline component names.
components	Definitions of the pipeline components and their models.

For a full overview of spaCy's config format and settings, see the training format documentation and Thinc's config system docs. The settings available for the different architectures are documented with the model architectures API. See the Thinc documentation for optimizers and schedules.

Overwriting config settings on the command line

The config system means that you can define all settings in one place and in a consistent format. There are no command-line arguments that need to be set, and no hidden defaults. However, there can still be scenarios where you may want to override config settings when you run spacy train. This includes file paths to vectors or other resources that shouldn't be hard-code in a config file, or system-dependent settings.

For cases like this, you can set additional command-line options starting with -- that correspond to the config section and value to override. For example, --training.batch_size 128 sets the batch_size value in the [training] block to 128.

$ python -m spacy train train.spacy dev.spacy config.cfg
--training.batch_size 128 --nlp.vectors /path/to/vectors

Only existing sections and values in the config can be overwritten. At the end of the training, the final filled config.cfg is exported with your model, so you'll always have a record of the settings that were used, including your overrides.

Using registered functions

The training configuration defined in the config file doesn't have to only consist of static values. Some settings can also be functions. For instance, the batch_size can be a number that doesn't change, or a schedule, like a sequence of compounding values, which has shown to be an effective trick (see Smith et al., 2017).

### With static value
[training]
batch_size = 128

To refer to a function instead, you can make [training.batch_size] its own section and use the @ syntax specify the function and its arguments – in this case compounding.v1 defined in the function registry. All other values defined in the block are passed to the function as keyword arguments when it's initialized. You can also use this mechanism to register custom implementations and architectures and reference them from your configs.

How the config is resolved

The config file is parsed into a regular dictionary and is resolved and validated bottom-up. Arguments provided for registered functions are checked against the function's signature and type annotations. The return value of a registered function can also be passed into another function – for instance, a learning rate schedule can be provided as the an argument of an optimizer.

### With registered function
[training.batch_size]
@schedules = "compounding.v1"
start = 100
stop = 1000
compound = 1.001

Model architectures

Transfer learning

Using transformer models like BERT

Try out a BERT-based model pipeline using this project template: swap in your data, edit the settings and hyperparameters and train, evaluate, package and visualize your model.

Pretraining with spaCy

Custom model implementations and architectures

Training with custom code

The spacy train recipe lets you specify an optional argument --code that points to a Python file. The file is imported before training and allows you to add custom functions and architectures to the function registry that can then be referenced from your config.cfg. This lets you train spaCy models with custom components, without having to re-implement the whole training workflow.

For example, let's say you've implemented your own batch size schedule to use during training. The @spacy.registry.schedules decorator lets you register that function in the schedules registry and assign it a string name:

Why the version in the name?

A big benefit of the config system is that it makes your experiments reproducible. We recommend versioning the functions you register, especially if you expect them to change (like a new model architecture). This way, you know that a config referencing v1 means a different function than a config referencing v2.

### functions.py
import spacy

@spacy.registry.schedules("my_custom_schedule.v1")
def my_custom_schedule(start: int = 1, factor: int = 1.001):
   while True:
      yield start
      start = start * factor

In your config, you can now reference the schedule in the [training.batch_size] block via @schedules. If a block contains a key starting with an @, it's interpreted as a reference to a function. All other settings in the block will be passed to the function as keyword arguments. Keep in mind that the config shouldn't have any hidden defaults and all arguments on the functions need to be represented in the config.

### config.cfg (excerpt)
[training.batch_size]
@schedules = "my_custom_schedule.v1"
start = 2
factor = 1.005

You can now run spacy train with the config.cfg and your custom functions.py as the argument --code. Before loading the config, spaCy will import the functions.py module and your custom functions will be registered.

### Training with custom code {wrap="true"}
python -m spacy train train.spacy dev.spacy config.cfg --output ./output --code ./functions.py

spaCy's configs are powered by our machine learning library Thinc's configuration system, which supports type hints and even advanced type annotations using pydantic. If your registered function provides type hints, the values that are passed in will be checked against the expected types. For example, start: int in the example above will ensure that the value received as the argument start is an integer. If the value can't be cast to an integer, spaCy will raise an error. start: pydantic.StrictInt will force the value to be an integer and raise an error if it's not – for instance, if your config defines a float.

Wrapping PyTorch and TensorFlow

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Defining custom architectures

Parallel Training with Ray

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Internal training API

spaCy gives you full control over the training loop. However, for most use cases, it's recommended to train your models via the spacy train command with a config.cfg to keep track of your settings and hyperparameters, instead of writing your own training scripts from scratch. Custom registered functions should typically give you everything you need to train fully custom models with spacy train.

The Example object contains annotated training data, also called the gold standard. It's initialized with a Doc object that will hold the predictions, and another Doc object that holds the gold-standard annotations. Here's an example of a simple Example for part-of-speech tags:

words = ["I", "like", "stuff"]
predicted = Doc(vocab, words=words)
# create the reference Doc with gold-standard TAG annotations
tags = ["NOUN", "VERB", "NOUN"]
tag_ids = [vocab.strings.add(tag) for tag in tags]
reference = Doc(vocab, words=words).from_array("TAG", numpy.array(tag_ids, dtype="uint64"))
example = Example(predicted, reference)

Alternatively, the reference Doc with the gold-standard annotations can be created from a dictionary with keyword arguments specifying the annotations, like tags or entities. Using the Example object and its gold-standard annotations, the model can be updated to learn a sentence of three words with their assigned part-of-speech tags.

About the tag map

The tag map is part of the vocabulary and defines the annotation scheme. If you're training a new language model, this will let you map the tags present in the treebank you train on to spaCy's tag scheme:

tag_map = {"N": {"pos": "NOUN"}, "V": {"pos": "VERB"}}
vocab = Vocab(tag_map=tag_map)

words = ["I", "like", "stuff"]
tags = ["NOUN", "VERB", "NOUN"]
predicted = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=words)
example = Example.from_dict(predicted, {"tags": tags})

Here's another example that shows how to define gold-standard named entities. The letters added before the labels refer to the tags of the BILUO scheme – O is a token outside an entity, U an single entity unit, B the beginning of an entity, I a token inside an entity and L the last token of an entity.

doc = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=["Facebook", "released", "React", "in", "2014"])
example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": ["U-ORG", "O", "U-TECHNOLOGY", "O", "U-DATE"]})

As of v3.0, the Example object replaces the GoldParse class. It can be constructed in a very similar way, from a Doc and a dictionary of annotations:

- gold = GoldParse(doc, entities=entities)
+ example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": entities})

Of course, it's not enough to only show a model a single example once. Especially if you only have few examples, you'll want to train for a number of iterations. At each iteration, the training data is shuffled to ensure the model doesn't make any generalizations based on the order of examples. Another technique to improve the learning results is to set a dropout rate, a rate at which to randomly "drop" individual features and representations. This makes it harder for the model to memorize the training data. For example, a 0.25 dropout means that each feature or internal representation has a 1/4 likelihood of being dropped.

• nlp: The nlp object with the model.
• nlp.begin_training: Start the training and return an optimizer to update the model's weights.
• Optimizer: Function that holds state between updates.
• nlp.update: Update model with examples.
• Example: object holding predictions and gold-standard annotations.
• nlp.to_disk: Save the updated model to a directory.

### Example training loop
optimizer = nlp.begin_training()
for itn in range(100):
    random.shuffle(train_data)
    for raw_text, entity_offsets in train_data:
        doc = nlp.make_doc(raw_text)
        example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"entities": entity_offsets})
        nlp.update([example], sgd=optimizer)
nlp.to_disk("/model")

The nlp.update method takes the following arguments:

Name	Description
examples	Example objects. The update method takes a sequence of them, so you can batch up your training examples.
drop	Dropout rate. Makes it harder for the model to just memorize the data.
sgd	An Optimizer object, which updated the model's weights. If not set, spaCy will create a new one and save it for further use.

As of v3.0, the Example object replaces the GoldParse class and the "simple training style" of calling nlp.update with a text and a dictionary of annotations. Updating your code to use the Example object should be very straightforward: you can call Example.from_dict with a Doc and the dictionary of annotations:

text = "Facebook released React in 2014"
annotations = {"entities": ["U-ORG", "O", "U-TECHNOLOGY", "O", "U-DATE"]}
+ example = Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), {"entities": entities})
- nlp.update([text], [annotations])
+ nlp.update([example])