mirror of https://github.com/Textualize/rich.git
461 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
461 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
[](https://pepy.tech/project/rich)
|
||
[](https://badge.fury.io/py/rich)
|
||
[](https://codecov.io/gh/Textualize/rich)
|
||
[](https://www.willmcgugan.com/tag/rich/)
|
||
[](https://twitter.com/willmcgugan)
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
[English readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.md)
|
||
• [简体中文 readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.cn.md)
|
||
• [正體中文 readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.zh-tw.md)
|
||
• [Lengua española readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.es.md)
|
||
• [Deutsche readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.de.md)
|
||
• [Läs på svenska](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.sv.md)
|
||
• [日本語 readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.ja.md)
|
||
• [한국어 readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.kr.md)
|
||
• [Français readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.fr.md)
|
||
• [Schwizerdütsch readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.de-ch.md)
|
||
• [हिन्दी readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.hi.md)
|
||
• [Português brasileiro readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.pt-br.md)
|
||
• [Italian readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.it.md)
|
||
• [Русский readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.ru.md)
|
||
• [فارسی readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.fa.md)
|
||
• [Türkçe readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.tr.md)
|
||
• [Polskie readme](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/README.pl.md)
|
||
|
||
Rich 是一款提供終端機介面中 _豐富的_ 文字效果及精美的格式設定的 Python 函式庫。
|
||
|
||
[Rich API](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 讓終端機介面加上色彩及樣式變得易如反掌。Rich 也可以繪製漂亮的表格、進度條、Markdown、語法醒目標示的程式碼、Traceback（追溯）……。
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
關於 Rich 的介紹，請參見 [@fishnets88](https://twitter.com/fishnets88) 在 [calmcode.io](https://calmcode.io/rich/introduction.html) 錄製的影片。
|
||
|
||
[看看其他人對於 Rich 的討論](https://www.willmcgugan.com/blog/pages/post/rich-tweets/)。
|
||
|
||
## 相容性
|
||
|
||
Rich 可在 Linux、macOS、Windows 上運作。在新的 Windows Terminal 中可支援顯示全彩及 Emoji，但傳統的終端機中僅支援 16 色。Rich 最低需要的 Python 版本為 3.6.3。
|
||
|
||
Rich 可在 [Jupyter notebooks](https://jupyter.org/) 上使用，無須額外設定。
|
||
|
||
## 安裝
|
||
|
||
以 `pip` 或 PyPI 套件管理器安裝。
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
python -m pip install rich
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
以此命令測試 Rich 在終端機的輸出效果：
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
python -m rich
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Rich Print
|
||
|
||
匯入 [rich print](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/introduction.html#quick-start) 方法就可以輕鬆地讓程式進行 rich 輸出，rich print 與 Python 內建的函式用法相似。試試：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich import print
|
||
|
||
print("Hello, [bold magenta]World[/bold magenta]!", ":vampire:", locals())
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## Rich REPL
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以安裝在 Python REPL 中，如此一來就可以漂亮的輸出與突顯標示任何資料結構。
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
>>> from rich import pretty
|
||
>>> pretty.install()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## 使用 Console
|
||
|
||
匯入並建構 [Console](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/console.html#rich.console.Console) 物件，以更全面地控制 rich 終端機內容。
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Console 物件有個 `print` 方法，且刻意設計的與內建 `print` 函式相似。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
console.print("Hello", "World!")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
如同預期的，這會將 `"Hello World!"` 印在終端機。須注意不同於內建的 `print` 函式，Rich 會自動將過長的文字換行，以符合終端機的寬度。
|
||
|
||
有幾種加上顏色及樣式的方式。您可以用 `style` 引數設定輸出內容的樣式，參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
console.print("Hello", "World!", style="bold red")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
輸出結果如下圖：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
介紹完了如何對整行文字設定樣式，接著來看看更細部的使用。Rich 可以接受類似 [bbcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCode) 的語法，對個別文字設定樣式。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
console.print("Where there is a [bold cyan]Will[/bold cyan] there [u]is[/u] a [i]way[/i].")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
您可以用 Console 物件不費吹灰之力地達成細膩的輸出效果。參閱 [Console API](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/console.html) 說明文件以了解細節。
|
||
|
||
## Rich Inspect
|
||
|
||
Rich 提供了 [inspect](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/init.html?highlight=inspect#rich.inspect) 函式，可以對任何 Python 物件，如 class、instance 或 builtin ，為其產生一份報告。
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
>>> my_list = ["foo", "bar"]
|
||
>>> from rich import inspect
|
||
>>> inspect(my_list, methods=True)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
參閱 [inspect 說明文件](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/init.html#rich.inspect) 以了解細節。
|
||
|
||
# Rich 函式庫
|
||
|
||
Rich 包含了一系列可繪製的物件，您可以使用它們來印出精美的畫面，或者協助偵錯程式碼。
|
||
|
||
按一下子標題以了解細節：
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>Log</summary>
|
||
|
||
Console 物件提供了 `log()` 方法，使用方式與 `print()` 類似，但還多了一欄來顯示目前時間、進行呼叫的檔案及行號。預設情況下 Rich 會語法醒目標示 Python 的結構及 repr 字串。若使用於字典或串列這類集合性物件，Rich 會將其漂亮地印出來，以符合可用空間。此範例示範了這些功能。
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
|
||
test_data = [
|
||
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "sum", "params": [None, 1, 2, 4, False, True], "id": "1",},
|
||
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "notify_hello", "params": [7]},
|
||
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "subtract", "params": [42, 23], "id": "2"},
|
||
]
|
||
|
||
def test_log():
|
||
enabled = False
|
||
context = {
|
||
"foo": "bar",
|
||
}
|
||
movies = ["Deadpool", "Rise of the Skywalker"]
|
||
console.log("Hello from", console, "!")
|
||
console.log(test_data, log_locals=True)
|
||
|
||
|
||
test_log()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
上面的程式碼會產生下圖結果：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
注意到 `log_locals` 引數，可用來輸出一張表格，用來顯示 log 方法被呼叫時，區域變數的內容。
|
||
|
||
log 方法可用於伺服器上長時間運作的程式，也很適合一般程式偵錯用途。
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>Logging Handler</summary>
|
||
|
||
您也可以使用內建的 [Handler 類別](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/logging.html) 來將 Python logging 模組的輸出內容格式化並賦予色彩：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>Emoji</summary>
|
||
|
||
以一對冒號包住表情符號的名稱，來透過 console 插入 Emoji。參考範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
>>> console.print(":smiley: :vampire: :pile_of_poo: :thumbs_up: :raccoon:")
|
||
😃 🧛 💩 👍 🦝
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
請謹慎使用此功能。
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>表格</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以用 unicode box 字元繪製彈性的 [表格](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tables.html)。格式設定十分多元，包含框線、樣式、儲存格對齊……。
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
上圖的動畫效果是以 [table_movie.py](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/examples/table_movie.py) 產生的，該檔案位於 examples 資料夾。
|
||
|
||
參考這個簡單的表格範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
from rich.table import Table
|
||
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
|
||
table = Table(show_header=True, header_style="bold magenta")
|
||
table.add_column("Date", style="dim", width=12)
|
||
table.add_column("Title")
|
||
table.add_column("Production Budget", justify="right")
|
||
table.add_column("Box Office", justify="right")
|
||
table.add_row(
|
||
"Dec 20, 2019", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker", "$275,000,000", "$375,126,118"
|
||
)
|
||
table.add_row(
|
||
"May 25, 2018",
|
||
"[red]Solo[/red]: A Star Wars Story",
|
||
"$275,000,000",
|
||
"$393,151,347",
|
||
)
|
||
table.add_row(
|
||
"Dec 15, 2017",
|
||
"Star Wars Ep. VIII: The Last Jedi",
|
||
"$262,000,000",
|
||
"[bold]$1,332,539,889[/bold]",
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
console.print(table)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
執行結果如圖：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
請留意，主控台標記的呈現方式與 `print()`、`log()` 相同。事實上，由 Rich 繪製的任何東西都可以被放在任何標題、列，甚至其他表格裡。
|
||
|
||
`Table` 類別很聰明，能夠自動調整欄寬來配合終端機的大小，也會在需要時自動將文字換行。此範例的程式碼與上一個相同，然而終端機變小了一點：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>進度條</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可繪製多個不閃爍的 [進度條](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/progress.html)，以追蹤需時較久的工作。
|
||
|
||
基本的使用方式，是將序列放在 `track` 函式中，再對其結果疊代。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.progress import track
|
||
|
||
for step in track(range(100)):
|
||
do_step(step)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
新增多個進度條也不是難事，來看看說明文件中的範例：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
您可以調整要顯示的狀態欄位。內建的欄位包含完成百分比、檔案大小、讀寫速度及剩餘時間。來看看另一個用來顯示下載進度的範例：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
想嘗試看看嗎？您可以在 [examples/downloader.py](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/examples/downloader.py) 取得此範例程式。此程式可以在下載多個檔案時顯示各自的進度。
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>狀態</summary>
|
||
|
||
有些狀況下很難估計進度，就可以使用 [status](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/console.html#rich.console.Console.status) 方法，此方法會顯示「spinner」動畫及訊息。該動畫播放時，仍可正常操作主控台。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from time import sleep
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
tasks = [f"task {n}" for n in range(1, 11)]
|
||
|
||
with console.status("[bold green]Working on tasks...") as status:
|
||
while tasks:
|
||
task = tasks.pop(0)
|
||
sleep(1)
|
||
console.log(f"{task} complete")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
終端機的顯示效果如下：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
該 spinner 動畫乃借用自 [cli-spinners](https://www.npmjs.com/package/cli-spinners)。可以用 `spinner` 參數指定 spinner 樣式。執行此命令以顯示可用的值：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
python -m rich.spinner
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
此命令在終端機的輸出結果如下圖：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>樹</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以用導引線繪製一棵 [樹](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tree.html)。樹很適合用來顯示檔案結構，或其他繼承性的資料。
|
||
|
||
可以用文字或其他 Rich 能繪製的元素作為樹的標籤。執行下列程式碼來看看效果：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
python -m rich.tree
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
這會產生下圖的結果：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
您可以參考 [tree.py](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/examples/tree.py) 範例程式，此程式可以樹狀圖展示目錄結構，如同 Linux 的 `tree` 命令。
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>資料欄</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以將內容呈現於整齊的 [資料欄](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/columns.html) 中，其欄寬可為等寬或最適寬度。此範例仿作了 macOS / Linux 系統中 `ls` 命令的基本功能，可以用資料欄列出目錄：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
import os
|
||
import sys
|
||
|
||
from rich import print
|
||
from rich.columns import Columns
|
||
|
||
directory = os.listdir(sys.argv[1])
|
||
print(Columns(directory))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
此螢幕截圖為 [資料欄範例](https://github.com/textualize/rich/blob/master/examples/columns.py) 的輸出結果。此程式從某 API 取得資料，並以資料欄呈現：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>Markdown</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以繪製 [Markdown](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/markdown.html) 並處理了將其轉換為終端機格式的大量工作。
|
||
|
||
先匯入 `Markdown` 類別，再以內容為 Markdown 語言的字串建構一個物件，接著將其印到 console。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
from rich.markdown import Markdown
|
||
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
with open("README.md") as readme:
|
||
markdown = Markdown(readme.read())
|
||
console.print(markdown)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
執行結果如下圖：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>語法醒目標示</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 使用了 [pygments](https://pygments.org/) 函式庫來實作 [語法醒目標示](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax.html) 功能。使用方式與繪製 Markdown 相似，先建構 `Syntax` 物件並將其印到 console。參考此範例：
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from rich.console import Console
|
||
from rich.syntax import Syntax
|
||
|
||
my_code = '''
|
||
def iter_first_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, bool, T]]:
|
||
"""Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for first and last value."""
|
||
iter_values = iter(values)
|
||
try:
|
||
previous_value = next(iter_values)
|
||
except StopIteration:
|
||
return
|
||
first = True
|
||
for value in iter_values:
|
||
yield first, False, previous_value
|
||
first = False
|
||
previous_value = value
|
||
yield first, True, previous_value
|
||
'''
|
||
syntax = Syntax(my_code, "python", theme="monokai", line_numbers=True)
|
||
console = Console()
|
||
console.print(syntax)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
執行結果如下圖：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary>Tracebacks（追溯）</summary>
|
||
|
||
Rich 可以繪製 [漂亮的 tracebacks](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/traceback.html)，相較標準的 Python traceback 顯示了更多程式碼且更好懂。您可以將 Rich 設為預設的 traceback handler（處理常式），如此一來所有未接住的例外都由 Rich 呈現。
|
||
|
||
它在 macOS 上執行的效果如圖（Linux 上差異不大）：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
所有可由 Rich 繪製的物件都用到了 [Console 協定](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/latest/protocol.html)，您也可以依此實作自訂的 Rich 內容。
|
||
|
||
# Rich 企業版
|
||
|
||
可在 Tidelift 訂閱方案取得。
|
||
|
||
Rich 及其他數以千計的套件維護者正與 Tidelift 合作，以提供開放原始碼套件的商業性支援。此計畫能協助您節省時間、避開風險，同時也讓套件的維護者獲得報酬。[了解更多。](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-rich?utm_source=pypi-rich&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise&utm_term=repo)
|
||
|
||
# 使用 Rich 的專案
|
||
|
||
以下列出幾個使用 Rich 的專案：
|
||
|
||
- [BrancoLab/BrainRender](https://github.com/BrancoLab/BrainRender)
|
||
a python package for the visualization of three dimensional neuro-anatomical data
|
||
- [Ciphey/Ciphey](https://github.com/Ciphey/Ciphey)
|
||
Automated decryption tool
|
||
- [emeryberger/scalene](https://github.com/emeryberger/scalene)
|
||
a high-performance, high-precision CPU and memory profiler for Python
|
||
- [hedythedev/StarCli](https://github.com/hedythedev/starcli)
|
||
Browse GitHub trending projects from your command line
|
||
- [intel/cve-bin-tool](https://github.com/intel/cve-bin-tool)
|
||
This tool scans for a number of common, vulnerable components (openssl, libpng, libxml2, expat and a few others) to let you know if your system includes common libraries with known vulnerabilities.
|
||
- [nf-core/tools](https://github.com/nf-core/tools)
|
||
Python package with helper tools for the nf-core community.
|
||
- [cansarigol/pdbr](https://github.com/cansarigol/pdbr)
|
||
pdb + Rich library for enhanced debugging
|
||
- [plant99/felicette](https://github.com/plant99/felicette)
|
||
Satellite imagery for dummies.
|
||
- [seleniumbase/SeleniumBase](https://github.com/seleniumbase/SeleniumBase)
|
||
Automate & test 10x faster with Selenium & pytest. Batteries included.
|
||
- [smacke/ffsubsync](https://github.com/smacke/ffsubsync)
|
||
Automagically synchronize subtitles with video.
|
||
- [tryolabs/norfair](https://github.com/tryolabs/norfair)
|
||
Lightweight Python library for adding real-time 2D object tracking to any detector.
|
||
- [ansible/ansible-lint](https://github.com/ansible/ansible-lint) Ansible-lint checks playbooks for practices and behaviour that could potentially be improved
|
||
- [ansible-community/molecule](https://github.com/ansible-community/molecule) Ansible Molecule testing framework
|
||
- +[Many more](https://github.com/textualize/rich/network/dependents)!
|
||
|
||
<!-- This is a test, no need to translate -->
|