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pokecrystal/docs/design_flaws.md

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Design Flaws

These are parts of the code that do not work incorrectly, like bugs and glitches, but that clearly exist just to work around a problem. In other words, with a slightly different design, the code would not need to exist at all. Design flaws may be exceptions to a usual rule, such as "tables of pointers in different banks use dba" (one exception, and another) or "graphics used as a unit are stored and loaded contiguously" (a notable exception).

Contents

Pic banks are offset by PICS_FIX

data/pokemon/pic_pointers.asm, data/pokemon/unown_pic_pointers.asm, and data/trainers/pic_pointers.asm all have to use dba_pic instead of dba. This is a macro in macros/data.asm that offsets banks by PICS_FIX:

dba_pic: MACRO ; dbw bank, address
	db BANK(\1) - PICS_FIX
	dw \1
ENDM

The offset is translated into a correct bank by FixPicBank in engine/gfx/load_pics.asm:

FixPicBank:
; This is a thing for some reason.

PICS_FIX EQU $36
GLOBAL PICS_FIX

	push hl
	push bc
	sub BANK("Pics 1") - PICS_FIX
	ld c, a
	ld b, 0
	ld hl, .PicsBanks
	add hl, bc
	ld a, [hl]
	pop bc
	pop hl
	ret

.PicsBanks:
	db BANK("Pics 1")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 0
	db BANK("Pics 2")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 1
	db BANK("Pics 3")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 2
	db BANK("Pics 4")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 3
	db BANK("Pics 5")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 4
	db BANK("Pics 6")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 5
	db BANK("Pics 7")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 6
	db BANK("Pics 8")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 7
	db BANK("Pics 9")  ; BANK("Pics 1") + 8
	db BANK("Pics 10") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 9
	db BANK("Pics 11") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 10
	db BANK("Pics 12") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 11
	db BANK("Pics 13") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 12
	db BANK("Pics 14") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 13
	db BANK("Pics 15") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 14
	db BANK("Pics 16") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 15
	db BANK("Pics 17") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 16
	db BANK("Pics 18") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 17
	db BANK("Pics 19") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 18
	db BANK("Pics 20") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 19
	db BANK("Pics 21") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 20
	db BANK("Pics 22") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 21
	db BANK("Pics 23") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 22
	db BANK("Pics 24") ; BANK("Pics 1") + 23

Fix: Use dba instead of dba_pic, delete FixPicBank, and remove all four calls to FixPicBank.

PokemonPicPointers and UnownPicPointers are assumed to start at the same address

In gfx/pics.asm:

; PokemonPicPointers and UnownPicPointers are assumed to start at the same
; address, but in different banks. This is enforced in pokecrystal.link.


SECTION "Pic Pointers", ROMX

INCLUDE "data/pokemon/pic_pointers.asm"


SECTION "Unown Pic Pointers", ROMX

INCLUDE "data/pokemon/unown_pic_pointers.asm"

In pokecrystal.link:

ROMX $48
	org $4000
	"Pic Pointers"
	"Pics 1"
ROMX $49
	org $4000
	"Unown Pic Pointers"
	"Pics 2"

Two routines in engine/gfx/load_pics.asm make this assumption; GetFrontpicPointer:

	ld a, [wCurPartySpecies]
	cp UNOWN
	jr z, .unown
	ld a, [wCurPartySpecies]
	ld d, BANK(PokemonPicPointers)
	jr .ok

.unown
	ld a, [wUnownLetter]
	ld d, BANK(UnownPicPointers)

.ok
	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers ; UnownPicPointers
	dec a
	ld bc, 6
	call AddNTimes

And GetMonBackpic:

	; These are assumed to be at the same address in their respective banks.
	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers ; UnownPicPointers
	ld a, b
	ld d, BANK(PokemonPicPointers)
	cp UNOWN
	jr nz, .ok
	ld a, c
	ld d, BANK(UnownPicPointers)
.ok
	dec a
	ld bc, 6
	call AddNTimes

Fix:

Don't enforce org $4000 in pokecrystal.link.

Modify GetFrontpicPointer:

	ld a, [wCurPartySpecies]
	cp UNOWN
	jr z, .unown
	ld a, [wCurPartySpecies]
+	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers
	ld d, BANK(PokemonPicPointers)
	jr .ok

.unown
	ld a, [wUnownLetter]
+	ld hl, UnownPicPointers
	ld d, BANK(UnownPicPointers)

.ok
-	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers ; UnownPicPointers
	dec a
	ld bc, 6
	call AddNTimes

And GetMonBackpic:

-	; These are assumed to be at the same address in their respective banks.
-	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers ; UnownPicPointers
	ld a, b
+	ld hl, PokemonPicPointers
	ld d, BANK(PokemonPicPointers)
	cp UNOWN
	jr nz, .ok
	ld a, c
+	ld hl, UnownPicPointers
	ld d, BANK(UnownPicPointers)
.ok
	dec a
	ld bc, 6
	call AddNTimes

Footprints are split into top and bottom halves

In gfx/footprints.asm:

; Footprints are 2x2 tiles each, but are stored as a 16x64-tile image
; (32 rows of 8 footprints per row).
; That means there's a row of the top two tiles for eight footprints,
; then a row of the bottom two tiles for those eight footprints.

; These macros help extract the first and the last two tiles, respectively.
footprint_top    EQUS "0,                 2 * LEN_1BPP_TILE"
footprint_bottom EQUS "2 * LEN_1BPP_TILE, 2 * LEN_1BPP_TILE"

; Entries correspond to Pokémon species, two apiece, 8 tops then 8 bottoms

; 001-008 top halves
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/bulbasaur.1bpp",  footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/ivysaur.1bpp",    footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/venusaur.1bpp",   footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmander.1bpp", footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmeleon.1bpp", footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charizard.1bpp",  footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/squirtle.1bpp",   footprint_top
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/wartortle.1bpp",  footprint_top
; 001-008 bottom halves
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/bulbasaur.1bpp",  footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/ivysaur.1bpp",    footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/venusaur.1bpp",   footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmander.1bpp", footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmeleon.1bpp", footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charizard.1bpp",  footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/squirtle.1bpp",   footprint_bottom
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/wartortle.1bpp",  footprint_bottom
...

Pokedex_LoadAnyFootprint in engine/pokedex/pokedex.asm:

	push hl
	ld e, l
	ld d, h
	ld hl, vTiles2 tile $62
	lb bc, BANK(Footprints), 2
	call Request1bpp
	pop hl

	; Whoever was editing footprints forgot to fix their
	; tile editor. Now each bottom half is 8 tiles off.
	ld de, 8 tiles
	add hl, de

	ld e, l
	ld d, h
	ld hl, vTiles2 tile $64
	lb bc, BANK(Footprints), 2
	call Request1bpp

Fix:

Store footprints contiguously:

INCBIN "gfx/footprints/bulbasaur.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/ivysaur.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/venusaur.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmander.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charmeleon.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/charizard.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/squirtle.1bpp"
INCBIN "gfx/footprints/wartortle.1bpp"
...

Modify Pokedex_LoadAnyFootprint:

-	push hl
	ld e, l
	ld d, h
	ld hl, vTiles2 tile $62
-	lb bc, BANK(Footprints), 2
+	lb bc, BANK(Footprints), 4
	call Request1bpp
-	pop hl
-
-	; Whoever was editing footprints forgot to fix their
-	; tile editor. Now each bottom half is 8 tiles off.
-	ld de, 8 tiles
-	add hl, de
-
-	ld e, l
-	ld d, h
-	ld hl, vTiles2 tile $64
-	lb bc, BANK(Footprints), 2
-	call Request1bpp

ITEM_C3 and ITEM_DC break up the continuous sequence of TM items

constants/item_constants.asm defined the 50 TMs in order with add_tm, but ITEM_C3 and ITEM_DC break up that sequence.

	add_tm DYNAMICPUNCH ; bf
	...
	add_tm ROLLOUT      ; c2
	const ITEM_C3       ; c3
	add_tm ROAR         ; c4
	...
	add_tm DIG          ; db
	const ITEM_DC       ; dc
	add_tm PSYCHIC_M    ; dd
	...
	add_tm NIGHTMARE    ; f2
NUM_TMS = const_value - TM01 - 2 ; discount ITEM_C3 and ITEM_DC

GetTMHMNumber and GetNumberedTMHM in engine/items/items.asm have to compensate for this:

GetTMHMNumber::
; Return the number of a TM/HM by item id c.
	ld a, c
; Skip any dummy items.
	cp ITEM_C3 ; TM04-05
	jr c, .done
	cp ITEM_DC ; TM28-29
	jr c, .skip
	dec a
.skip
	dec a
.done
	sub TM01
	inc a
	ld c, a
	ret

GetNumberedTMHM:
; Return the item id of a TM/HM by number c.
	ld a, c
; Skip any gaps.
	cp ITEM_C3 - (TM01 - 1)
	jr c, .done
	cp ITEM_DC - (TM01 - 1) - 1
	jr c, .skip_one
.skip_two
	inc a
.skip_one
	inc a
.done
	add TM01
	dec a
	ld c, a
	ret

Fix:

Move ITEM_C3 and ITEM_DC above all the TMs in every table of item data.

Modify engine/items/items.asm:

GetTMHMNumber::
; Return the number of a TM/HM by item id c.
	ld a, c
-; Skip any dummy items.
-	cp ITEM_C3 ; TM04-05
-	jr c, .done
-	cp ITEM_DC ; TM28-29
-	jr c, .skip
-	dec a
-.skip
-	dec a
-.done
	sub TM01
	inc a
	ld c, a
	ret

GetNumberedTMHM:
; Return the item id of a TM/HM by number c.
	ld a, c
-; Skip any gaps.
-	cp ITEM_C3 - (TM01 - 1)
-	jr c, .done
-	cp ITEM_DC - (TM01 - 1) - 1
-	jr c, .skip_one
-.skip_two
-	inc a
-.skip_one
-	inc a
-.done
	add TM01
	dec a
	ld c, a
	ret

Pokédex entry banks are derived from their species IDs

PokedexDataPointerTable in data/pokemon/dex_entry_pointers.asm is a table of dw, not dba, yet there are four banks used for Pokédex entries. The correct bank is derived from the species ID at the beginning of each Pokémon's base stats. (This is the only use the base stat species ID has.)

Three separate routines do the same derivation; GetDexEntryPointer in engine/pokedex/pokedex_2.asm:

GetDexEntryPointer:
; return dex entry pointer b:de
	push hl
	ld hl, PokedexDataPointerTable
	ld a, b
	dec a
	ld d, 0
	ld e, a
	add hl, de
	add hl, de
	ld e, [hl]
	inc hl
	ld d, [hl]
	push de
	rlca
	rlca
	maskbits NUM_DEX_ENTRY_BANKS
	ld hl, .PokedexEntryBanks
	ld d, 0
	ld e, a
	add hl, de
	ld b, [hl]
	pop de
	pop hl
	ret

.PokedexEntryBanks:
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 001-064")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 065-128")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 129-192")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 193-251")

GetPokedexEntryBank in engine/items/item_effects.asm:

GetPokedexEntryBank:
	push hl
	push de
	ld a, [wEnemyMonSpecies]
	rlca
	rlca
	maskbits NUM_DEX_ENTRY_BANKS
	ld hl, .PokedexEntryBanks
	ld d, 0
	ld e, a
	add hl, de
	ld a, [hl]
	pop de
	pop hl
	ret

.PokedexEntryBanks:
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 001-064")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 065-128")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 129-192")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 193-251")

And PokedexShow_GetDexEntryBank in engine/pokegear/radio.asm:

PokedexShow_GetDexEntryBank:
	push hl
	push de
	ld a, [wCurPartySpecies]
	dec a
	rlca
	rlca
	maskbits NUM_DEX_ENTRY_BANKS
	ld hl, .PokedexEntryBanks
	ld d, 0
	ld e, a
	add hl, de
	ld a, [hl]
	pop de
	pop hl
	ret

.PokedexEntryBanks:
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 001-064")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 065-128")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 129-192")
	db BANK("Pokedex Entries 193-251")

Fix: Use dba instead of dw in PokedexDataPointerTable, and modify the code that accesses it to match.

Identical sine wave code and data is repeated five times

_Sine in engine/math/sine.asm:

_Sine::
; a = d * sin(e * pi/32)
	ld a, e
	calc_sine_wave

Sprites_Cosine and Sprites_Sine in engine/gfx/sprites.asm:

Sprites_Cosine:
; a = d * cos(a * pi/32)
	add %010000 ; cos(x) = sin(x + pi/2)
	; fallthrough
Sprites_Sine:
; a = d * sin(a * pi/32)
	calc_sine_wave

BattleAnim_Cosine and BattleAnim_Sine in engine/battle_anims/functions.asm:

BattleAnim_Cosine:
; a = d * cos(a * pi/32)
	add %010000 ; cos(x) = sin(x + pi/2)
	; fallthrough
BattleAnim_Sine:
; a = d * sin(a * pi/32)
	calc_sine_wave BattleAnimSineWave

...

BattleAnimSineWave:
	sine_table 32

StartTrainerBattle_DrawSineWave in engine/battle/battle_transition.asm:

StartTrainerBattle_DrawSineWave:
	calc_sine_wave

And CelebiEvent_Cosine in engine/events/celebi.asm:

CelebiEvent_Cosine:
; a = d * cos(a * pi/32)
	add %010000 ; cos(x) = sin(x + pi/2)
	calc_sine_wave

They all rely on calc_sine_wave in macros/code.asm:

calc_sine_wave: MACRO
; input: a = a signed 6-bit value
; output: a = d * sin(a * pi/32)
	and %111111
	cp  %100000
	jr nc, .negative\@
	call .apply\@
	ld a, h
	ret
.negative\@
	and %011111
	call .apply\@
	ld a, h
	xor $ff
	inc a
	ret
.apply\@
	ld e, a
	ld a, d
	ld d, 0
if _NARG == 1
	ld hl, \1
else
	ld hl, .sinetable\@
endc
	add hl, de
	add hl, de
	ld e, [hl]
	inc hl
	ld d, [hl]
	ld hl, 0
.multiply\@ ; factor amplitude
	srl a
	jr nc, .even\@
	add hl, de
.even\@
	sla e
	rl d
	and a
	jr nz, .multiply\@
	ret
if _NARG == 0
.sinetable\@
	sine_table 32
endc
ENDM

And on sine_table in macros/data.asm:

sine_table: MACRO
; \1 samples of sin(x) from x=0 to x<32768 (pi radians)
x = 0
rept \1
	dw (sin(x) + (sin(x) & $ff)) >> 8 ; round up
x = x + DIV(32768, \1) ; a circle has 65536 "degrees"
endr
ENDM

Fix: Edit home/sine.asm to contain a single copy of the (co)sine code in bank 0, and call it from those five sites.

GetForestTreeFrame works, but it's still bad

In engine/tilesets/tileset_anims.asm:

GetForestTreeFrame:
; Return 0 if a is even, or 2 if odd.
	and a
	jr z, .even
	cp 1
	jr z, .odd
	cp 2
	jr z, .even
	cp 3
	jr z, .odd
	cp 4
	jr z, .even
	cp 5
	jr z, .odd
	cp 6
	jr z, .even
.odd
	ld a, 2
	scf
	ret
.even
	xor a
	ret

Fix:

GetForestTreeFrame:
; Return 0 if a is even, or 2 if odd.
	and 1
	add a
	ret