Starlette includes a few response classes that handle sending back the
appropriate ASGI messages on the `send` channel.
### Response
Signature: `Response(content, status_code=200, headers=None, media_type=None)`
* `content` - A string or bytestring.
* `status_code` - An integer HTTP status code.
* `headers` - A dictionary of strings.
* `media_type` - A string giving the media type. eg. "text/html"
Starlette will automatically include a Content-Length header. It will also
include a Content-Type header, based on the media_type and appending a charset
for text types.
Once you've instantiated a response, you can send it by calling it as an
ASGI application instance.
```python
from starlette.responses import Response
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = Response('Hello, world!', media_type='text/plain')
await response(receive, send)
```
#### Set Cookie
Starlette provides a `set_cookie` method to allow you to set cookies on the response object.
Signature: `Response.set_cookie(key, value, max_age=None, expires=None, path="/", domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False)`
* `key` - A string that will be the cookie's key.
* `value` - A string that will be the cookie's value.
* `max_age` - An integer that defines the lifetime of the cookie in seconds. A negative integer or a value of `0` will discard the cookie immediately. `Optional`
* `expires` - An integer that defines the number of seconds until the cookie expires. `Optional`
* `path` - A string that specifies the subset of routes to which the cookie will apply. `Optional`
* `domain` - A string that specifies the domain for which the cookie is valid. `Optional`
* `secure` - A bool indicating that the cookie will only be sent to the server if request is made using SSL and the HTTPS protocol. `Optional`
* `httponly` - A bool indicating that the cookie cannot be accessed via Javascript through `Document.cookie` property, the `XMLHttpRequest` or `Request` APIs. `Optional`
#### Delete Cookie
Conversly, Starlette also provides a `delete_cookie` method to manually expire a set cookie.
Signature: `Response.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None)`
### HTMLResponse
Takes some text or bytes and returns an HTML response.
```python
from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = HTMLResponse('Hello, world!
')
await response(receive, send)
```
### PlainTextResponse
Takes some text or bytes and returns an plain text response.
```python
from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = PlainTextResponse('Hello, world!')
await response(receive, send)
```
### TemplateResponse
The `TemplateResponse` class return plain text responses generated
from a template instance, and a dictionary of context to render into the
template.
A `request` argument must always be included in the context. Responses default
to `text/html` unless an alternative `media_type` is specified.
```python
from starlette.responses import TemplateResponse
from starlette.requests import Request
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
env = Environment(loader=FileSystemLoader('templates'))
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
template = env.get_template('index.html')
context = {
'request': Request(self.scope),
}
response = TemplateResponse(template, context)
await response(receive, send)
```
The advantage with using `TemplateResponse` over `HTMLResponse` is that
it will make `template` and `context` properties available on response instances
returned by the test client.
```python
def test_app():
client = TestClient(App)
response = client.get("/")
assert response.status_code == 200
assert response.template.name == "index.html"
assert "request" in response.context
```
### JSONResponse
Takes some data and returns an `application/json` encoded response.
```python
from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = JSONResponse({'hello': 'world'})
await response(receive, send)
```
### UJSONResponse
A JSON response class that uses the optimised `ujson` library for serialisation.
Using `ujson` will result in faster JSON serialisation, but is also less careful
than Python's built-in implementation in how it handles some edge-cases.
In general you *probably* want to stick with `JSONResponse` by default unless
you are micro-optimising a particular endpoint.
```python
from starlette.responses import UJSONResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = UJSONResponse({'hello': 'world'})
await response(receive, send)
```
### RedirectResponse
Returns an HTTP redirect. Uses a 302 status code by default.
```python
from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, RedirectResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
if self.scope['path'] != '/':
response = RedirectResponse(url='/')
else:
response = PlainTextResponse('Hello, world!')
await response(receive, send)
```
### StreamingResponse
Takes an async generator and streams the response body.
```python
from starlette.responses import StreamingResponse
import asyncio
async def slow_numbers(minimum, maximum):
yield('')
for number in range(minimum, maximum + 1):
yield '- %d
' % number
await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
yield('
')
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
generator = slow_numbers(1, 10)
response = StreamingResponse(generator, media_type='text/html')
await response(receive, send)
```
### FileResponse
Asynchronously streams a file as the response.
Takes a different set of arguments to instantiate than the other response types:
* `path` - The filepath to the file to stream.
* `headers` - Any custom headers to include, as a dictionary.
* `media_type` - A string giving the media type. If unset, the filename or path will be used to infer a media type.
* `filename` - If set, this will be included in the response `Content-Disposition`.
File responses will include appropriate `Content-Length`, `Last-Modified` and `ETag` headers.
```python
from starlette.responses import FileResponse
class App:
def __init__(self, scope):
self.scope = scope
async def __call__(self, receive, send):
response = FileResponse('statics/favicon.ico')
await response(receive, send)
```