from __future__ import annotations import datetime as dt import time from http.cookies import SimpleCookie from pathlib import Path from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterator, Iterator import anyio import pytest from starlette import status from starlette.background import BackgroundTask from starlette.datastructures import Headers from starlette.requests import ClientDisconnect, Request from starlette.responses import FileResponse, JSONResponse, RedirectResponse, Response, StreamingResponse from starlette.testclient import TestClient from starlette.types import Message, Receive, Scope, Send from tests.types import TestClientFactory def test_text_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = Response("hello, world", media_type="text/plain") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "hello, world" def test_bytes_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = Response(b"xxxxx", media_type="image/png") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.content == b"xxxxx" def test_json_none_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = JSONResponse(None) await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.json() is None assert response.content == b"null" def test_redirect_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: if scope["path"] == "/": response = Response("hello, world", media_type="text/plain") else: response = RedirectResponse("/") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/redirect") assert response.text == "hello, world" assert response.url == "http://testserver/" def test_quoting_redirect_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: if scope["path"] == "/I ♥ Starlette/": response = Response("hello, world", media_type="text/plain") else: response = RedirectResponse("/I ♥ Starlette/") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/redirect") assert response.text == "hello, world" assert response.url == "http://testserver/I%20%E2%99%A5%20Starlette/" def test_redirect_response_content_length_header( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, ) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: if scope["path"] == "/": response = Response("hello", media_type="text/plain") # pragma: no cover else: response = RedirectResponse("/") await response(scope, receive, send) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.request("GET", "/redirect", allow_redirects=False) assert response.url == "http://testserver/redirect" assert response.headers["content-length"] == "0" def test_streaming_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: filled_by_bg_task = "" async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: async def numbers(minimum: int, maximum: int) -> AsyncIterator[str]: for i in range(minimum, maximum + 1): yield str(i) if i != maximum: yield ", " await anyio.sleep(0) async def numbers_for_cleanup(start: int = 1, stop: int = 5) -> None: nonlocal filled_by_bg_task async for thing in numbers(start, stop): filled_by_bg_task = filled_by_bg_task + thing cleanup_task = BackgroundTask(numbers_for_cleanup, start=6, stop=9) generator = numbers(1, 5) response = StreamingResponse(generator, media_type="text/plain", background=cleanup_task) await response(scope, receive, send) assert filled_by_bg_task == "" client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" assert filled_by_bg_task == "6, 7, 8, 9" def test_streaming_response_custom_iterator( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, ) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: class CustomAsyncIterator: def __init__(self) -> None: self._called = 0 def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]: return self async def __anext__(self) -> str: if self._called == 5: raise StopAsyncIteration() self._called += 1 return str(self._called) response = StreamingResponse(CustomAsyncIterator(), media_type="text/plain") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "12345" def test_streaming_response_custom_iterable( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, ) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: class CustomAsyncIterable: async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[str | bytes]: for i in range(5): yield str(i + 1) response = StreamingResponse(CustomAsyncIterable(), media_type="text/plain") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "12345" def test_sync_streaming_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: def numbers(minimum: int, maximum: int) -> Iterator[str]: for i in range(minimum, maximum + 1): yield str(i) if i != maximum: yield ", " generator = numbers(1, 5) response = StreamingResponse(generator, media_type="text/plain") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" def test_response_headers(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: headers = {"x-header-1": "123", "x-header-2": "456"} response = Response("hello, world", media_type="text/plain", headers=headers) response.headers["x-header-2"] = "789" await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["x-header-1"] == "123" assert response.headers["x-header-2"] == "789" def test_response_phrase(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response(status_code=204) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.reason_phrase == "No Content" app = Response(b"", status_code=123) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.reason_phrase == "" def test_file_response(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: path = tmp_path / "xyz" content = b"" * 1000 path.write_bytes(content) filled_by_bg_task = "" async def numbers(minimum: int, maximum: int) -> AsyncIterator[str]: for i in range(minimum, maximum + 1): yield str(i) if i != maximum: yield ", " await anyio.sleep(0) async def numbers_for_cleanup(start: int = 1, stop: int = 5) -> None: nonlocal filled_by_bg_task async for thing in numbers(start, stop): filled_by_bg_task = filled_by_bg_task + thing cleanup_task = BackgroundTask(numbers_for_cleanup, start=6, stop=9) async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = FileResponse(path=path, filename="example.png", background=cleanup_task) await response(scope, receive, send) assert filled_by_bg_task == "" client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") expected_disposition = 'attachment; filename="example.png"' assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK assert response.content == content assert response.headers["content-type"] == "image/png" assert response.headers["content-disposition"] == expected_disposition assert "content-length" in response.headers assert "last-modified" in response.headers assert "etag" in response.headers assert filled_by_bg_task == "6, 7, 8, 9" @pytest.mark.anyio async def test_file_response_on_head_method(tmp_path: Path) -> None: path = tmp_path / "xyz" content = b"" * 1000 path.write_bytes(content) app = FileResponse(path=path, filename="example.png") async def receive() -> Message: # type: ignore[empty-body] ... # pragma: no cover async def send(message: Message) -> None: if message["type"] == "http.response.start": assert message["status"] == status.HTTP_200_OK headers = Headers(raw=message["headers"]) assert headers["content-type"] == "image/png" assert "content-length" in headers assert "content-disposition" in headers assert "last-modified" in headers assert "etag" in headers elif message["type"] == "http.response.body": assert message["body"] == b"" assert message["more_body"] is False # Since the TestClient drops the response body on HEAD requests, we need to test # this directly. await app({"type": "http", "method": "head", "headers": [(b"key", b"value")]}, receive, send) def test_file_response_set_media_type(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: path = tmp_path / "xyz" path.write_bytes(b"") # By default, FileResponse will determine the `content-type` based on # the filename or path, unless a specific `media_type` is provided. app = FileResponse(path=path, filename="example.png", media_type="image/jpeg") client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["content-type"] == "image/jpeg" def test_file_response_with_directory_raises_error(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = FileResponse(path=tmp_path, filename="example.png") client = test_client_factory(app) with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info: client.get("/") assert "is not a file" in str(exc_info.value) def test_file_response_with_missing_file_raises_error(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: path = tmp_path / "404.txt" app = FileResponse(path=path, filename="404.txt") client = test_client_factory(app) with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info: client.get("/") assert "does not exist" in str(exc_info.value) def test_file_response_with_chinese_filename(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: content = b"file content" filename = "你好.txt" # probably "Hello.txt" in Chinese path = tmp_path / filename path.write_bytes(content) app = FileResponse(path=path, filename=filename) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") expected_disposition = "attachment; filename*=utf-8''%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD.txt" assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK assert response.content == content assert response.headers["content-disposition"] == expected_disposition def test_file_response_with_inline_disposition(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: content = b"file content" filename = "hello.txt" path = tmp_path / filename path.write_bytes(content) app = FileResponse(path=path, filename=filename, content_disposition_type="inline") client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") expected_disposition = 'inline; filename="hello.txt"' assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK assert response.content == content assert response.headers["content-disposition"] == expected_disposition def test_file_response_with_method_warns(tmp_path: Path) -> None: with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning): FileResponse(path=tmp_path, filename="example.png", method="GET") def test_file_response_with_range_header(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: content = b"file content" filename = "hello.txt" path = tmp_path / filename path.write_bytes(content) etag = '"a_non_autogenerated_etag"' app = FileResponse(path=path, filename=filename, headers={"etag": etag}) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/", headers={"range": "bytes=0-4", "if-range": etag}) assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT assert response.content == content[:5] assert response.headers["etag"] == etag assert response.headers["content-length"] == "5" assert response.headers["content-range"] == f"bytes 0-4/{len(content)}" def test_set_cookie(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None: # Mock time used as a reference for `Expires` by stdlib `SimpleCookie`. mocked_now = dt.datetime(2037, 1, 22, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc) monkeypatch.setattr(time, "time", lambda: mocked_now.timestamp()) async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = Response("Hello, world!", media_type="text/plain") response.set_cookie( "mycookie", "myvalue", max_age=10, expires=10, path="/", domain="localhost", secure=True, httponly=True, samesite="none", ) await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "Hello, world!" assert ( response.headers["set-cookie"] == "mycookie=myvalue; Domain=localhost; expires=Thu, 22 Jan 2037 12:00:10 GMT; " "HttpOnly; Max-Age=10; Path=/; SameSite=none; Secure" ) def test_set_cookie_path_none(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = Response("Hello, world!", media_type="text/plain") response.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue", path=None) await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "Hello, world!" assert response.headers["set-cookie"] == "mycookie=myvalue; SameSite=lax" @pytest.mark.parametrize( "expires", [ pytest.param(dt.datetime(2037, 1, 22, 12, 0, 10, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc), id="datetime"), pytest.param("Thu, 22 Jan 2037 12:00:10 GMT", id="str"), pytest.param(10, id="int"), ], ) def test_expires_on_set_cookie( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, expires: str, ) -> None: # Mock time used as a reference for `Expires` by stdlib `SimpleCookie`. mocked_now = dt.datetime(2037, 1, 22, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc) monkeypatch.setattr(time, "time", lambda: mocked_now.timestamp()) async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: response = Response("Hello, world!", media_type="text/plain") response.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue", expires=expires) await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") cookie = SimpleCookie(response.headers.get("set-cookie")) assert cookie["mycookie"]["expires"] == "Thu, 22 Jan 2037 12:00:10 GMT" def test_delete_cookie(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None: request = Request(scope, receive) response = Response("Hello, world!", media_type="text/plain") if request.cookies.get("mycookie"): response.delete_cookie("mycookie") else: response.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") await response(scope, receive, send) client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.cookies["mycookie"] response = client.get("/") assert not response.cookies.get("mycookie") def test_populate_headers(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response(content="hi", headers={}, media_type="text/html") client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.text == "hi" assert response.headers["content-length"] == "2" assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8" def test_head_method(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response("hello, world", media_type="text/plain") client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.head("/") assert response.text == "" def test_empty_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response() client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.content == b"" assert response.headers["content-length"] == "0" assert "content-type" not in response.headers def test_empty_204_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response(status_code=204) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert "content-length" not in response.headers def test_non_empty_response(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response(content="hi") client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["content-length"] == "2" def test_response_do_not_add_redundant_charset( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, ) -> None: app = Response(media_type="text/plain; charset=utf-8") client = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/plain; charset=utf-8" def test_file_response_known_size(tmp_path: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: path = tmp_path / "xyz" content = b"" * 1000 path.write_bytes(content) app = FileResponse(path=path, filename="example.png") client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["content-length"] == str(len(content)) def test_streaming_response_unknown_size( test_client_factory: TestClientFactory, ) -> None: app = StreamingResponse(content=iter(["hello", "world"])) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert "content-length" not in response.headers def test_streaming_response_known_size(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = StreamingResponse(content=iter(["hello", "world"]), headers={"content-length": "10"}) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.headers["content-length"] == "10" def test_response_memoryview(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = Response(content=memoryview(b"\xc0")) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.content == b"\xc0" def test_streaming_response_memoryview(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None: app = StreamingResponse(content=iter([memoryview(b"\xc0"), memoryview(b"\xf5")])) client: TestClient = test_client_factory(app) response = client.get("/") assert response.content == b"\xc0\xf5" @pytest.mark.anyio async def test_streaming_response_stops_if_receiving_http_disconnect() -> None: streamed = 0 disconnected = anyio.Event() async def receive_disconnect() -> Message: await disconnected.wait() return {"type": "http.disconnect"} async def send(message: Message) -> None: nonlocal streamed if message["type"] == "http.response.body": streamed += len(message.get("body", b"")) # Simulate disconnection after download has started if streamed >= 16: disconnected.set() async def stream_indefinitely() -> AsyncIterator[bytes]: while True: # Need a sleep for the event loop to switch to another task await anyio.sleep(0) yield b"chunk " response = StreamingResponse(content=stream_indefinitely()) with anyio.move_on_after(1) as cancel_scope: await response({}, receive_disconnect, send) assert not cancel_scope.cancel_called, "Content streaming should stop itself." @pytest.mark.anyio async def test_streaming_response_on_client_disconnects() -> None: chunks = bytearray() streamed = False async def receive_disconnect() -> Message: raise NotImplementedError async def send(message: Message) -> None: nonlocal streamed if message["type"] == "http.response.body": if not streamed: chunks.extend(message.get("body", b"")) streamed = True else: raise OSError async def stream_indefinitely() -> AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]: while True: await anyio.sleep(0) yield b"chunk" stream = stream_indefinitely() response = StreamingResponse(content=stream) with anyio.move_on_after(1) as cancel_scope: with pytest.raises(ClientDisconnect): await response({"asgi": {"spec_version": "2.4"}}, receive_disconnect, send) assert not cancel_scope.cancel_called, "Content streaming should stop itself." assert chunks == b"chunk" await stream.aclose() README = """\ # BáiZé Powerful and exquisite WSGI/ASGI framework/toolkit. The minimize implementation of methods required in the Web framework. No redundant implementation means that you can freely customize functions without considering the conflict with baize's own implementation. Under the ASGI/WSGI protocol, the interface of the request object and the response object is almost the same, only need to add or delete `await` in the appropriate place. In addition, it should be noted that ASGI supports WebSocket but WSGI does not. """ # noqa: E501 @pytest.fixture def readme_file(tmp_path: Path) -> Path: filepath = tmp_path / "README.txt" filepath.write_bytes(README.encode("utf8")) return filepath @pytest.fixture def file_response_client(readme_file: Path, test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> TestClient: return test_client_factory(app=FileResponse(str(readme_file))) def test_file_response_without_range(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/") assert response.status_code == 200 assert response.headers["content-length"] == str(len(README.encode("utf8"))) assert response.text == README def test_file_response_head(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/") assert response.status_code == 200 assert response.headers["content-length"] == str(len(README.encode("utf8"))) assert response.content == b"" def test_file_response_range(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-range"] == f"bytes 0-100/{len(README.encode('utf8'))}" assert response.headers["content-length"] == "101" assert response.content == README.encode("utf8")[:101] def test_file_response_range_head(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-length"] == str(101) assert response.content == b"" def test_file_response_range_multi(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100, 200-300"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-range"].startswith("multipart/byteranges; boundary=") assert response.headers["content-length"] == "439" def test_file_response_range_multi_head(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100, 200-300"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-length"] == "439" assert response.content == b"" response = file_response_client.head( "/", headers={"Range": "bytes=200-300", "if-range": response.headers["etag"][:-1]}, ) assert response.status_code == 200 response = file_response_client.head( "/", headers={"Range": "bytes=200-300", "if-range": response.headers["etag"]}, ) assert response.status_code == 206 def test_file_response_range_invalid(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/", headers={"Range": "bytes: 0-1000"}) assert response.status_code == 400 def test_file_response_range_head_max(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/", headers={"Range": f"bytes=0-{len(README.encode('utf8'))+1}"}) assert response.status_code == 206 def test_file_response_range_416(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.head("/", headers={"Range": f"bytes={len(README.encode('utf8'))+1}-"}) assert response.status_code == 416 assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == f"*/{len(README.encode('utf8'))}" def test_file_response_only_support_bytes_range(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "items=0-100"}) assert response.status_code == 400 assert response.text == "Only support bytes range" def test_file_response_range_must_be_requested(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes="}) assert response.status_code == 400 assert response.text == "Range header: range must be requested" def test_file_response_start_must_be_less_than_end(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=100-0"}) assert response.status_code == 400 assert response.text == "Range header: start must be less than end" def test_file_response_merge_ranges(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100, 50-200"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-length"] == "201" assert response.headers["content-range"] == f"bytes 0-200/{len(README.encode('utf8'))}" def test_file_response_insert_ranges(file_response_client: TestClient) -> None: response = file_response_client.get("/", headers={"Range": "bytes=100-200, 0-50"}) assert response.status_code == 206 assert response.headers["content-range"].startswith("multipart/byteranges; boundary=") boundary = response.headers["content-range"].split("boundary=")[1] assert response.text.splitlines() == [ f"--{boundary}", "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8", "Content-Range: bytes 0-50/526", "", "# BáiZé", "", "Powerful and exquisite WSGI/ASGI framewo", f"--{boundary}", "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8", "Content-Range: bytes 100-200/526", "", "ds required in the Web framework. No redundant implementation means that you can freely customize fun", "", f"--{boundary}--", ] @pytest.mark.anyio async def test_file_response_multi_small_chunk_size(readme_file: Path) -> None: class SmallChunkSizeFileResponse(FileResponse): chunk_size = 10 app = SmallChunkSizeFileResponse(path=str(readme_file)) received_chunks: list[bytes] = [] start_message: dict[str, Any] = {} async def receive() -> Message: raise NotImplementedError("Should not be called!") async def send(message: Message) -> None: if message["type"] == "http.response.start": start_message.update(message) elif message["type"] == "http.response.body": received_chunks.append(message["body"]) await app({"type": "http", "method": "get", "headers": [(b"range", b"bytes=0-15,20-35,35-50")]}, receive, send) assert start_message["status"] == 206 headers = Headers(raw=start_message["headers"]) assert headers.get("content-type") == "text/plain; charset=utf-8" assert headers.get("accept-ranges") == "bytes" assert "content-length" in headers assert "last-modified" in headers assert "etag" in headers assert headers["content-range"].startswith("multipart/byteranges; boundary=") boundary = headers["content-range"].split("boundary=")[1] assert received_chunks == [ # Send the part headers. f"--{boundary}\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\nContent-Range: bytes 0-15/526\n\n".encode(), # Send the first chunk (10 bytes). b"# B\xc3\xa1iZ\xc3\xa9\n", # Send the second chunk (6 bytes). b"\nPower", # Send the new line to separate the parts. b"\n", # Send the part headers. We merge the ranges 20-35 and 35-50 into a single part. f"--{boundary}\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\nContent-Range: bytes 20-50/526\n\n".encode(), # Send the first chunk (10 bytes). b"and exquis", # Send the second chunk (10 bytes). b"ite WSGI/A", # Send the third chunk (10 bytes). b"SGI framew", # Send the last chunk (1 byte). b"o", b"\n", f"\n--{boundary}--\n".encode(), ]