mirror of https://github.com/explosion/spaCy.git
108 lines
4.8 KiB
Plaintext
108 lines
4.8 KiB
Plaintext
//- 💫 DOCS > USAGE > SPACY 101 > LANGUAGE DATA
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p
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| Every language is different – and usually full of
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| #[strong exceptions and special cases], especially amongst the most
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| common words. Some of these exceptions are shared across languages, while
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| others are #[strong entirely specific] – usually so specific that they need
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| to be hard-coded. The #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang")) #[code lang]] module
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| contains all language-specific data, organised in simple Python files.
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| This makes the data easy to update and extend.
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p
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| The #[strong shared language data] in the directory root includes rules
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| that can be generalised across languages – for example, rules for basic
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| punctuation, emoji, emoticons, single-letter abbreviations and norms for
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| equivalent tokens with different spellings, like #[code "] and
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| #[code ”]. This helps the models make more accurate predictions.
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| The #[strong individual language data] in a submodule contains
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| rules that are only relevant to a particular language. It also takes
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| care of putting together all components and creating the #[code Language]
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| subclass – for example, #[code English] or #[code German].
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+aside-code.
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from spacy.lang.en import English
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from spacy.lang.de import German
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nlp_en = English() # includes English data
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nlp_de = German() # includes German data
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+graphic("/assets/img/language_data.svg")
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include ../../assets/img/language_data.svg
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+table(["Name", "Description"])
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+row
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+cell #[strong Stop words]#[br]
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| #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language/stop_words.py")) #[code stop_words.py]]
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+cell
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| List of most common words of a language that are often useful to
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| filter out, for example "and" or "I". Matching tokens will
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| return #[code True] for #[code is_stop].
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+row
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+cell #[strong Tokenizer exceptions]#[br]
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| #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language/tokenizer_exceptions.py")) #[code tokenizer_exceptions.py]]
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+cell
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| Special-case rules for the tokenizer, for example, contractions
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| like "can't" and abbreviations with punctuation, like "U.K.".
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+row
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+cell #[strong Norm exceptions]
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| #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/norm_exceptions.py")) #[code norm_exceptions.py]]
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+cell
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| Special-case rules for normalising tokens to improve the model's
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| predictions, for example on American vs. British spelling.
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+row
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+cell #[strong Punctuation rules]
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| #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/punctuation.py")) #[code punctuation.py]]
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+cell
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| Regular expressions for splitting tokens, e.g. on punctuation or
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| special characters like emoji. Includes rules for prefixes,
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| suffixes and infixes.
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+row
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+cell #[strong Character classes]
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| #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/char_classes.py")) #[code char_classes.py]]
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+cell
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| Character classes to be used in regular expressions, for example,
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| latin characters, quotes, hyphens or icons.
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+row
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+cell #[strong Lexical attributes]
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| #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language/lex_attrs.py")) #[code lex_attrs.py]]
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+cell
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| Custom functions for setting lexical attributes on tokens, e.g.
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| #[code like_num], which includes language-specific words like "ten"
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| or "hundred".
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+row
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+cell #[strong Syntax iterators]
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| #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/en/syntax_iterators.py")) #[code syntax_iterators.py]]
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+cell
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| Functions that compute views of a #[code Doc] object based on its
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| syntax. At the moment, only used for
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| #[+a("/usage/linguistic-features#noun-chunks") noun chunks].
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+row
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+cell #[strong Lemmatizer]
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| #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language/lemmatizer.py")) #[code lemmatizer.py]]
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+cell
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| Lemmatization rules or a lookup-based lemmatization table to
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| assign base forms, for example "be" for "was".
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+row
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+cell #[strong Tag map]#[br]
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| #[+src(gh("spacy-dev-resources", "templates/new_language/tag_map.py")) #[code tag_map.py]]
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+cell
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| Dictionary mapping strings in your tag set to
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| #[+a("http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/all.html") Universal Dependencies]
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| tags.
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+row
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+cell #[strong Morph rules]
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| #[+src(gh("spaCy", "spacy/lang/en/morph_rules.py")) #[code morph_rules.py]]
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+cell
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| Exception rules for morphological analysis of irregular words like
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| personal pronouns.
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