diff --git a/docs/usage/api-reference.md b/docs/usage/api-reference.md
index 8e5216d77..837d6a726 100644
--- a/docs/usage/api-reference.md
+++ b/docs/usage/api-reference.md
@@ -8,7 +8,3 @@
    api/python-api.md
    api/micropip-api.md
 ```
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/src/core/pyproxy.c b/src/core/pyproxy.c
index 7d18fa274..0fbeb9d55 100644
--- a/src/core/pyproxy.c
+++ b/src/core/pyproxy.c
@@ -686,554 +686,6 @@ EM_JS_REF(JsRef, pyproxy_new, (PyObject * ptrobj), {
   return Module.hiwire.new_value(proxy);
 });
 
-// clang-format off
-EM_JS_NUM(int, pyproxy_init_js, (), {
-  Module.PyProxies = {};
-
-  function _getPtr(jsobj) {
-    let ptr = jsobj.$$.ptr;
-    if (ptr === null) {
-      throw new Error("Object has already been destroyed");
-    }
-    return ptr;
-  }
-
-  let _pyproxyClassMap = new Map();
-  /** 
-   * Retreive the appropriate mixins based on the features requested in flags.
-   * Used by pyproxy_new. The "flags" variable is produced by the C function
-   * pyproxy_getflags. Multiple PyProxies with the same set of feature flags
-   * will share the same prototype, so the memory footprint of each individual
-   * PyProxy is minimal.
-   */
-  Module.getPyProxyClass = function(flags){
-    let result = _pyproxyClassMap.get(flags);
-    if(result){
-      return result;
-    }
-    let descriptors = {};
-    for(let [feature_flag, methods] of [
-      [HAS_LENGTH, Module.PyProxyLengthMethods],
-      [HAS_GET, Module.PyProxyGetItemMethods],
-      [HAS_SET, Module.PyProxySetItemMethods],
-      [HAS_CONTAINS, Module.PyProxyContainsMethods],
-      [IS_ITERABLE, Module.PyProxyIterableMethods],
-      [IS_ITERATOR, Module.PyProxyIteratorMethods],
-      [IS_AWAITABLE, Module.PyProxyAwaitableMethods],
-      [IS_BUFFER, Module.PyProxyBufferMethods],
-      [IS_CALLABLE, Module.PyProxyCallableMethods],
-    ]){
-      if(flags & feature_flag){
-        Object.assign(descriptors,
-          Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(methods)
-        );
-      }
-    }
-    let new_proto = Object.create(Module.PyProxyClass.prototype, descriptors);
-    function PyProxy(){};
-    PyProxy.prototype = new_proto;
-    _pyproxyClassMap.set(flags, PyProxy);
-    return PyProxy;
-  };
-
-  // Static methods
-  Module.PyProxy = {
-    _getPtr,
-    isPyProxy: function(jsobj) {
-      return jsobj && jsobj.$$ !== undefined && jsobj.$$.type === 'PyProxy';
-    },
-  };
-
-  Module.callPyObject = function(ptrobj, ...jsargs) {
-    let idargs = Module.hiwire.new_value(jsargs);
-    let idresult;
-    try {
-      idresult = __pyproxy_apply(ptrobj, idargs);
-    } catch(e){
-      Module.fatal_error(e);
-    } finally {
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idargs);
-    }
-    if(idresult === 0){
-      _pythonexc2js();
-    }
-    return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
-  };
-
-  // Now a lot of boilerplate to wrap the abstract Object protocol wrappers
-  // above in Javascript functions.
-
-  Module.PyProxyClass = class {
-    constructor(){
-      throw new TypeError('PyProxy is not a constructor');
-    }
-
-    get [Symbol.toStringTag] (){
-        return "PyProxy";
-    }
-    get type() {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(__pyproxy_type(ptrobj));
-    }
-    toString() {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let jsref_repr;
-      try {
-        jsref_repr = __pyproxy_repr(ptrobj);
-      } catch(e){
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      }
-      if(jsref_repr === 0){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(jsref_repr);
-    }
-    destroy() {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      __pyproxy_destroy(ptrobj);
-      this.$$.ptr = null;
-    }
-    /** 
-      * This one doesn't follow the pattern: the inner function
-      * _python2js_with_depth is defined in python2js.c and is not a Python
-      * Object Protocol wrapper.
-      */
-    toJs(depth = -1){
-      let idresult = _python2js_with_depth(_getPtr(this), depth);
-      let result = Module.hiwire.get_value(idresult);
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idresult);
-      return result;
-    }
-    apply(jsthis, jsargs) {
-      return Module.callPyObject(_getPtr(this), ...jsargs);
-    }
-    call(jsthis, ...jsargs){
-      return Module.callPyObject(_getPtr(this), ...jsargs);
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by HAS_LENGTH, appears for any object with __len__ or sq_length
-  // or mp_length methods
-  Module.PyProxyLengthMethods = {
-    get length(){
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let length;
-      try {
-        length = _PyObject_Size(ptrobj);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      }
-      if(length === -1){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      return length;
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by HAS_GET, appears for any class with __getitem__,
-  // mp_subscript, or sq_item methods
-  Module.PyProxyGetItemMethods = {
-    get : function(key){
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
-      let idresult;
-      try {
-        idresult = __pyproxy_getitem(ptrobj, idkey);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-      }
-      if(idresult === 0){
-        if(Module._PyErr_Occurred()){
-          _pythonexc2js();
-        } else {
-          return undefined;
-        }
-      }
-      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
-    },
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by HAS_SET, appears for any class with __setitem__, __delitem__,
-  // mp_ass_subscript,  or sq_ass_item.
-  Module.PyProxySetItemMethods = {
-    set : function(key, value){
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
-      let idval = Module.hiwire.new_value(value);
-      let errcode;
-      try {
-        errcode = __pyproxy_setitem(ptrobj, idkey, idval);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idval);
-      }
-      if(errcode === -1){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-    },
-    delete : function(key) {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
-      let errcode;
-      try {
-        errcode = __pyproxy_delitem(ptrobj, idkey);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-      }
-      if(errcode === -1){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by HAS_CONTAINS flag, appears for any class with __contains__ or
-  // sq_contains
-  Module.PyProxyContainsMethods = {
-    has : function(key) {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
-      let result;
-      try {
-        result = __pyproxy_contains(ptrobj, idkey);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-      }
-      if(result === -1){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      return result === 1;
-    },
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by IS_ITERABLE, appears for any object with __iter__ or tp_iter, unless
-  // they are iterators.
-  // See:
-  // https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/iter.html
-  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols
-  // This avoids allocating a PyProxy wrapper for the temporary iterator.
-  Module.PyProxyIterableMethods = {
-    [Symbol.iterator] : function*() {
-      let iterptr = _PyObject_GetIter(_getPtr(this));
-      if(iterptr === 0){
-        pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      let item;
-      while((item = __pyproxy_iter_next(iterptr))){
-        yield Module.hiwire.pop_value(item);
-      }
-      if(_PyErr_Occurred()){
-        pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      _Py_DecRef(iterptr);
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Controlled by IS_ITERATOR, appears for any object with a __next__ or
-  // tp_iternext method.
-  Module.PyProxyIteratorMethods = {
-    [Symbol.iterator] : function() {
-      return this;
-    },
-    next : function(arg) {
-      let idresult;
-      // Note: arg is optional, if arg is not supplied, it will be undefined
-      // which gets converted to "Py_None". This is as intended.
-      let idarg = Module.hiwire.new_value(arg);
-      try {
-        idresult = __pyproxyGen_Send(_getPtr(this), idarg);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idarg);
-      }
-
-      let done = false;
-      if(idresult === 0){
-        idresult = __pyproxyGen_FetchStopIterationValue();
-        if (idresult){
-          done = true;
-        } else {
-          _pythonexc2js();
-        }
-      }
-      let value = Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
-      return { done, value };
-    },
-  };
-
-  // Another layer of boilerplate. The PyProxyHandlers have some annoying logic
-  // to deal with straining out the spurious "Function" properties "prototype",
-  // "arguments", and "length", to deal with correctly satisfying the Proxy
-  // invariants, and to deal with the mro
-  function python_hasattr(jsobj, jskey){
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
-      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
-      let result;
-      try {
-        result = __pyproxy_hasattr(ptrobj, idkey);
-      } catch(e){
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-      }
-      if(result === -1){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-      return result !== 0;
-  }
-
-  // Returns a JsRef in order to allow us to differentiate between "not found"
-  // (in which case we return 0) and "found 'None'" (in which case we return
-  // Js_undefined).
-  function python_getattr(jsobj, jskey){
-    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
-    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
-    let idresult;
-    try {
-      idresult = __pyproxy_getattr(ptrobj, idkey);
-    } catch(e) {
-      Module.fatal_error(e);
-    } finally {
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-    }
-    if(idresult === 0){
-      if(_PyErr_Occurred()){
-        _pythonexc2js();
-      }
-    }
-    return idresult;
-  }
-
-  function python_setattr(jsobj, jskey, jsval){
-    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
-    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
-    let idval = Module.hiwire.new_value(jsval);
-    let errcode;
-    try {
-      errcode = __pyproxy_setattr(ptrobj, idkey, idval);
-    } catch(e) {
-      Module.fatal_error(e);
-    } finally {
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idval);
-    }
-    if(errcode === -1){
-      _pythonexc2js();
-    }
-  }
-
-  function python_delattr(jsobj, jskey){
-    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
-    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
-    let errcode;
-    try {
-      errcode = __pyproxy_delattr(ptrobj, idkey);
-    } catch(e) {
-      Module.fatal_error(e);
-    } finally {
-      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
-    }
-    if(errcode === -1){
-      _pythonexc2js();
-    }
-  }
-
-  // See explanation of which methods should be defined here and what they do here:
-  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy
-  Module.PyProxyHandlers = {
-    isExtensible: function() { return true },
-    has: function (jsobj, jskey) {
-      // Note: must report "prototype" in proxy when we are callable.
-      // (We can return the wrong value from "get" handler though.)
-      let objHasKey = Reflect.has(jsobj, jskey);
-      if(objHasKey){
-        return true;
-      }
-      // python_hasattr will crash when given a Symbol.
-      if(typeof(jskey) === "symbol"){
-        return false;
-      }
-      return python_hasattr(jsobj, jskey);
-    },
-    get: function (jsobj, jskey) {
-      // Preference order:
-      // 1. things we have to return to avoid making Javascript angry
-      // 2. the result of Python getattr
-      // 3. stuff from the prototype chain
-
-      // 1. things we have to return to avoid making Javascript angry
-      // This conditional looks funky but it's the only thing I found that
-      // worked right in all cases.
-      if((jskey in jsobj) && !(jskey in Object.getPrototypeOf(jsobj)) ){
-        return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
-      }
-      // python_getattr will crash when given a Symbol
-      if(typeof(jskey) === "symbol"){
-        return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
-      }
-      // 2. The result of getattr
-      let idresult = python_getattr(jsobj, jskey);
-      if(idresult !== 0){
-        return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
-      }
-      // 3. stuff from the prototype chain.
-      return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
-    },
-    set: function (jsobj, jskey, jsval) {
-      // We're only willing to set properties on the python object, throw an
-      // error if user tries to write over any key of type 1. things we have to
-      // return to avoid making Javascript angry
-      if(typeof(jskey) === "symbol"){
-        throw new TypeError(`Cannot set read only field '${jskey.description}'`);
-      }
-      // Again this is a funny looking conditional, I found it as the result of
-      // a lengthy search for something that worked right.
-      let descr = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(jsobj, jskey);
-      if(descr && !descr.writable){
-        throw new TypeError(`Cannot set read only field '${jskey}'`);
-      }
-      python_setattr(jsobj, jskey, jsval);
-      return true;
-    },
-    deleteProperty: function (jsobj, jskey) {
-      // We're only willing to delete properties on the python object, throw an
-      // error if user tries to write over any key of type 1. things we have to
-      // return to avoid making Javascript angry
-      if(typeof(jskey) === "symbol"){
-        throw new TypeError(`Cannot delete read only field '${jskey.description}'`);
-      }
-      let descr = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(jsobj, jskey);
-      if(descr && !descr.writable){
-        throw new TypeError(`Cannot delete read only field '${jskey}'`);
-      }
-      python_delattr(jsobj, jskey);
-      // Must return "false" if "jskey" is a nonconfigurable own property.
-      // Otherwise Javascript will throw a TypeError.
-      return !descr || descr.configurable;
-    },
-    ownKeys: function (jsobj) {
-      let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
-      let idresult;
-      try {
-        idresult = __pyproxy_ownKeys(ptrobj);
-      } catch(e) {
-        Module.fatal_error(e);
-      }
-      let result = Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
-      result.push(...Reflect.ownKeys(jsobj));
-      return result;
-    },
-    apply: function (jsobj, jsthis, jsargs) {
-      return jsobj.apply(jsthis, jsargs);
-    },
-  };
-  
-  /** 
-   * The Promise / javascript awaitable API.
-   */
-  Module.PyProxyAwaitableMethods = {
-    /** 
-     * This wraps __pyproxy_ensure_future and makes a function that converts a
-     * Python awaitable to a promise, scheduling the awaitable on the Python
-     * event loop if necessary.
-     */
-    _ensure_future : function(){
-      let resolve_handle_id = 0;
-      let reject_handle_id = 0;
-      let resolveHandle;
-      let rejectHandle;
-      let promise;
-      try {
-        promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-          resolveHandle = resolve;
-          rejectHandle = reject;
-        });
-        resolve_handle_id = Module.hiwire.new_value(resolveHandle);
-        reject_handle_id = Module.hiwire.new_value(rejectHandle);
-        let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
-        let errcode = __pyproxy_ensure_future(ptrobj, resolve_handle_id, reject_handle_id);
-        if(errcode === -1){
-          _pythonexc2js();
-        }
-      } finally {
-        Module.hiwire.decref(resolve_handle_id);
-        Module.hiwire.decref(reject_handle_id);
-      }
-      return promise;
-    },
-    then : function(onFulfilled, onRejected){
-      let promise = this._ensure_future();
-      return promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
-    },
-    catch : function(onRejected){
-      let promise = this._ensure_future();
-      return promise.catch(onRejected);
-    },
-    finally : function(onFinally){
-      let promise = this._ensure_future();
-      return promise.finally(onFinally);
-    }
-  };
-
-  Module.PyProxyCallableMethods = { prototype : Function.prototype };
-  Module.PyProxyBufferMethods = {};
-
-  // A special proxy that we use to wrap pyodide.globals to allow property access
-  // like `pyodide.globals.x`.
-  let globalsPropertyAccessWarned = false;
-  let globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg =
-    "Access to pyodide.globals via pyodide.globals.key is deprecated and " +
-    "will be removed in version 0.18.0. Use pyodide.globals.get('key'), " +
-    "pyodide.globals.set('key', value), pyodide.globals.delete('key') instead.";
-  let NamespaceProxyHandlers = {
-    has : function(obj, key){
-      return Reflect.has(obj, key) || obj.has(key);
-    },
-    get : function(obj, key){
-      if(Reflect.has(obj, key)){
-        return Reflect.get(obj, key);
-      }
-      let result = obj.get(key);
-      if(!globalsPropertyAccessWarned && result !== undefined){
-        console.warn(globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg);
-        globalsPropertyAccessWarned = true;
-      }
-      return result;
-    },
-    set : function(obj, key, value){
-      if(Reflect.has(obj, key)){
-        throw new Error(`Cannot set read only field ${key}`);
-      }
-      if(!globalsPropertyAccessWarned){
-        globalsPropertyAccessWarned = true;
-        console.warn(globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg);
-      }
-      obj.set(key, value);
-    },
-    ownKeys: function (obj) {
-      let result = new Set(Reflect.ownKeys(obj));
-      let iter = obj.keys();
-      for(let key of iter){
-        result.add(key);
-      }
-      iter.destroy();
-      return Array.from(result);
-    }
-  };
-  
-  Module.wrapNamespace = function wrapNamespace(ns){
-    return new Proxy(ns, NamespaceProxyHandlers);
-  };
-  return 0;
-});
 // clang-format on
 
 EM_JS_REF(JsRef, create_once_callable, (PyObject * obj), {
@@ -1348,6 +800,19 @@ static PyMethodDef pyproxy_methods[] = {
   { NULL } /* Sentinel */
 };
 
+// Some special helper macros to hack it so that "pyproxy.js" parses as a
+// javascript file for JsDoc. See comment with explanation there.
+#define UNPAIRED_OPEN_BRACE {
+#define UNPAIRED_CLOSE_BRACE } // Just here to help text editors pair braces up
+#define TEMP_EMJS_HELPER(a, args...)                                           \
+  EM_JS_NUM(int, pyproxy_init_js, (), UNPAIRED_OPEN_BRACE { args return 0; })
+
+#include "pyproxy.js"
+
+#undef TEMP_EMJS_HELPER
+#undef UNPAIRED_OPEN_BRACE
+#undef UNPAIRED_CLOSE_BRACE
+
 int
 pyproxy_init(PyObject* core)
 {
diff --git a/src/core/pyproxy.js b/src/core/pyproxy.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..588408309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/pyproxy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+// This file to be included from pyproxy.c
+//
+// The point is to make a file that works with JsDoc. JsDoc will give up if it
+// fails to parse the file as javascript. Thus, it's key that this file should
+// parse as valid javascript. `TEMP_EMJS_HELPER` is a specially designed macro
+// to allow us to do this. We need TEMP_EMJS_HELPER to parse like a javascript
+// function call. The easiest way to get it to parse is to make the "argument"
+// look like a function call, which we do with `()=>{`. However, `()=>{` is an
+// invalid C string so the macro needs to remove it. We put `()=>{0,`,
+// TEMP_EMJS_HELPER removes everything up to the comma and replace it with a
+// single open brace.
+//
+// See definition of TEMP_EMJS_HELPER:
+// #define TEMP_EMJS_HELPER(a, args...) \
+//   EM_JS(int, pyproxy_init, (), UNPAIRED_OPEN_BRACE { args return 0; })
+
+// clang-format off
+TEMP_EMJS_HELPER(() => {0, /* Magic, see comment */
+  Module.PyProxies = {};
+  // clang-format on
+
+  function _getPtr(jsobj) {
+    let ptr = jsobj.$$.ptr;
+    if (ptr === null) {
+      throw new Error("Object has already been destroyed");
+    }
+    return ptr;
+  }
+
+  let _pyproxyClassMap = new Map();
+  /**
+   * Retreive the appropriate mixins based on the features requested in flags.
+   * Used by pyproxy_new. The "flags" variable is produced by the C function
+   * pyproxy_getflags. Multiple PyProxies with the same set of feature flags
+   * will share the same prototype, so the memory footprint of each individual
+   * PyProxy is minimal.
+   */
+  Module.getPyProxyClass = function(flags) {
+    let result = _pyproxyClassMap.get(flags);
+    if (result) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    let descriptors = {};
+    // clang-format off
+    for(let [feature_flag, methods] of [
+      [HAS_LENGTH, Module.PyProxyLengthMethods],
+      [HAS_GET, Module.PyProxyGetItemMethods],
+      [HAS_SET, Module.PyProxySetItemMethods],
+      [HAS_CONTAINS, Module.PyProxyContainsMethods],
+      [IS_ITERABLE, Module.PyProxyIterableMethods],
+      [IS_ITERATOR, Module.PyProxyIteratorMethods],
+      [IS_AWAITABLE, Module.PyProxyAwaitableMethods],
+      [IS_BUFFER, Module.PyProxyBufferMethods],
+      [IS_CALLABLE, Module.PyProxyCallableMethods],
+    ]){
+      // clang-format on
+      if (flags & feature_flag) {
+        Object.assign(descriptors, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(methods));
+      }
+    }
+    let new_proto = Object.create(Module.PyProxyClass.prototype, descriptors);
+    function PyProxy() {};
+    PyProxy.prototype = new_proto;
+    _pyproxyClassMap.set(flags, PyProxy);
+    return PyProxy;
+  };
+
+  // Static methods
+  Module.PyProxy = {
+    _getPtr,
+    isPyProxy : function(jsobj) {
+      return jsobj && jsobj.$$ !== undefined && jsobj.$$.type === 'PyProxy';
+    },
+  };
+
+  Module.callPyObject = function(ptrobj, ...jsargs) {
+    let idargs = Module.hiwire.new_value(jsargs);
+    let idresult;
+    try {
+      idresult = __pyproxy_apply(ptrobj, idargs);
+    } catch (e) {
+      Module.fatal_error(e);
+    } finally {
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idargs);
+    }
+    if (idresult === 0) {
+      _pythonexc2js();
+    }
+    return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
+  };
+
+  // Now a lot of boilerplate to wrap the abstract Object protocol wrappers
+  // above in Javascript functions.
+
+  Module.PyProxyClass = class {
+    constructor() { throw new TypeError('PyProxy is not a constructor'); }
+
+    get[Symbol.toStringTag]() { return "PyProxy"; }
+    get type() {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(__pyproxy_type(ptrobj));
+    }
+    toString() {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let jsref_repr;
+      try {
+        jsref_repr = __pyproxy_repr(ptrobj);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      }
+      if (jsref_repr === 0) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(jsref_repr);
+    }
+    destroy() {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      __pyproxy_destroy(ptrobj);
+      this.$$.ptr = null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * This one doesn't follow the pattern: the inner function
+     * _python2js_with_depth is defined in python2js.c and is not a Python
+     * Object Protocol wrapper.
+     */
+    toJs(depth = -1) {
+      let idresult = _python2js_with_depth(_getPtr(this), depth);
+      let result = Module.hiwire.get_value(idresult);
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idresult);
+      return result;
+    }
+    apply(jsthis, jsargs) {
+      return Module.callPyObject(_getPtr(this), ...jsargs);
+    }
+    call(jsthis, ...jsargs) {
+      return Module.callPyObject(_getPtr(this), ...jsargs);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by HAS_LENGTH, appears for any object with __len__ or sq_length
+  // or mp_length methods
+  Module.PyProxyLengthMethods = {
+    get length() {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let length;
+      try {
+        length = _PyObject_Size(ptrobj);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      }
+      if (length === -1) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+      return length;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by HAS_GET, appears for any class with __getitem__,
+  // mp_subscript, or sq_item methods
+  Module.PyProxyGetItemMethods = {
+    get : function(key) {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
+      let idresult;
+      try {
+        idresult = __pyproxy_getitem(ptrobj, idkey);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+      }
+      if (idresult === 0) {
+        if (Module._PyErr_Occurred()) {
+          _pythonexc2js();
+        } else {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+      }
+      return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
+    },
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by HAS_SET, appears for any class with __setitem__, __delitem__,
+  // mp_ass_subscript,  or sq_ass_item.
+  Module.PyProxySetItemMethods = {
+    set : function(key, value) {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
+      let idval = Module.hiwire.new_value(value);
+      let errcode;
+      try {
+        errcode = __pyproxy_setitem(ptrobj, idkey, idval);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idval);
+      }
+      if (errcode === -1) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+    },
+    delete : function(key) {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
+      let errcode;
+      try {
+        errcode = __pyproxy_delitem(ptrobj, idkey);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+      }
+      if (errcode === -1) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by HAS_CONTAINS flag, appears for any class with __contains__ or
+  // sq_contains
+  Module.PyProxyContainsMethods = {
+    has : function(key) {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+      let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(key);
+      let result;
+      try {
+        result = __pyproxy_contains(ptrobj, idkey);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+      }
+      if (result === -1) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+      return result === 1;
+    },
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by IS_ITERABLE, appears for any object with __iter__ or tp_iter,
+  // unless they are iterators. See: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/iter.html
+  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols
+  // This avoids allocating a PyProxy wrapper for the temporary iterator.
+  Module.PyProxyIterableMethods = {
+    [Symbol.iterator] : function*() {
+      let iterptr = _PyObject_GetIter(_getPtr(this));
+      if (iterptr === 0) {
+        pythonexc2js();
+      }
+      let item;
+      while ((item = __pyproxy_iter_next(iterptr))) {
+        yield Module.hiwire.pop_value(item);
+      }
+      if (_PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        pythonexc2js();
+      }
+      _Py_DecRef(iterptr);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Controlled by IS_ITERATOR, appears for any object with a __next__ or
+  // tp_iternext method.
+  Module.PyProxyIteratorMethods = {
+    [Symbol.iterator] : function() { return this; },
+    next : function(arg) {
+      let idresult;
+      // Note: arg is optional, if arg is not supplied, it will be undefined
+      // which gets converted to "Py_None". This is as intended.
+      let idarg = Module.hiwire.new_value(arg);
+      try {
+        idresult = __pyproxyGen_Send(_getPtr(this), idarg);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(idarg);
+      }
+
+      let done = false;
+      if (idresult === 0) {
+        idresult = __pyproxyGen_FetchStopIterationValue();
+        if (idresult) {
+          done = true;
+        } else {
+          _pythonexc2js();
+        }
+      }
+      let value = Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
+      return {done, value};
+    },
+  };
+
+  // Another layer of boilerplate. The PyProxyHandlers have some annoying logic
+  // to deal with straining out the spurious "Function" properties "prototype",
+  // "arguments", and "length", to deal with correctly satisfying the Proxy
+  // invariants, and to deal with the mro
+  function python_hasattr(jsobj, jskey) {
+    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
+    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
+    let result;
+    try {
+      result = __pyproxy_hasattr(ptrobj, idkey);
+    } catch (e) {
+      Module.fatal_error(e);
+    } finally {
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+    }
+    if (result === -1) {
+      _pythonexc2js();
+    }
+    return result !== 0;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a JsRef in order to allow us to differentiate between "not found"
+  // (in which case we return 0) and "found 'None'" (in which case we return
+  // Js_undefined).
+  function python_getattr(jsobj, jskey) {
+    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
+    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
+    let idresult;
+    try {
+      idresult = __pyproxy_getattr(ptrobj, idkey);
+    } catch (e) {
+      Module.fatal_error(e);
+    } finally {
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+    }
+    if (idresult === 0) {
+      if (_PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        _pythonexc2js();
+      }
+    }
+    return idresult;
+  }
+
+  function python_setattr(jsobj, jskey, jsval) {
+    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
+    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
+    let idval = Module.hiwire.new_value(jsval);
+    let errcode;
+    try {
+      errcode = __pyproxy_setattr(ptrobj, idkey, idval);
+    } catch (e) {
+      Module.fatal_error(e);
+    } finally {
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idval);
+    }
+    if (errcode === -1) {
+      _pythonexc2js();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function python_delattr(jsobj, jskey) {
+    let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
+    let idkey = Module.hiwire.new_value(jskey);
+    let errcode;
+    try {
+      errcode = __pyproxy_delattr(ptrobj, idkey);
+    } catch (e) {
+      Module.fatal_error(e);
+    } finally {
+      Module.hiwire.decref(idkey);
+    }
+    if (errcode === -1) {
+      _pythonexc2js();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // See explanation of which methods should be defined here and what they do
+  // here:
+  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy
+  Module.PyProxyHandlers = {
+    isExtensible : function() { return true },
+    has : function(jsobj, jskey) {
+      // Note: must report "prototype" in proxy when we are callable.
+      // (We can return the wrong value from "get" handler though.)
+      let objHasKey = Reflect.has(jsobj, jskey);
+      if (objHasKey) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      // python_hasattr will crash when given a Symbol.
+      if (typeof (jskey) === "symbol") {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return python_hasattr(jsobj, jskey);
+    },
+    get : function(jsobj, jskey) {
+      // Preference order:
+      // 1. things we have to return to avoid making Javascript angry
+      // 2. the result of Python getattr
+      // 3. stuff from the prototype chain
+
+      // 1. things we have to return to avoid making Javascript angry
+      // This conditional looks funky but it's the only thing I found that
+      // worked right in all cases.
+      if ((jskey in jsobj) && !(jskey in Object.getPrototypeOf(jsobj))) {
+        return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
+      }
+      // python_getattr will crash when given a Symbol
+      if (typeof (jskey) === "symbol") {
+        return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
+      }
+      // 2. The result of getattr
+      let idresult = python_getattr(jsobj, jskey);
+      if (idresult !== 0) {
+        return Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
+      }
+      // 3. stuff from the prototype chain.
+      return Reflect.get(jsobj, jskey);
+    },
+    set : function(jsobj, jskey, jsval) {
+      // We're only willing to set properties on the python object, throw an
+      // error if user tries to write over any key of type 1. things we have to
+      // return to avoid making Javascript angry
+      if (typeof (jskey) === "symbol") {
+        throw new TypeError(
+            `Cannot set read only field '${jskey.description}'`);
+      }
+      // Again this is a funny looking conditional, I found it as the result of
+      // a lengthy search for something that worked right.
+      let descr = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(jsobj, jskey);
+      if (descr && !descr.writable) {
+        throw new TypeError(`Cannot set read only field '${jskey}'`);
+      }
+      python_setattr(jsobj, jskey, jsval);
+      return true;
+    },
+    deleteProperty : function(jsobj, jskey) {
+      // We're only willing to delete properties on the python object, throw an
+      // error if user tries to write over any key of type 1. things we have to
+      // return to avoid making Javascript angry
+      if (typeof (jskey) === "symbol") {
+        throw new TypeError(
+            `Cannot delete read only field '${jskey.description}'`);
+      }
+      let descr = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(jsobj, jskey);
+      if (descr && !descr.writable) {
+        throw new TypeError(`Cannot delete read only field '${jskey}'`);
+      }
+      python_delattr(jsobj, jskey);
+      // Must return "false" if "jskey" is a nonconfigurable own property.
+      // Otherwise Javascript will throw a TypeError.
+      return !descr || descr.configurable;
+    },
+    ownKeys : function(jsobj) {
+      let ptrobj = _getPtr(jsobj);
+      let idresult;
+      try {
+        idresult = __pyproxy_ownKeys(ptrobj);
+      } catch (e) {
+        Module.fatal_error(e);
+      }
+      let result = Module.hiwire.pop_value(idresult);
+      result.push(...Reflect.ownKeys(jsobj));
+      return result;
+    },
+    // clang-format off
+    apply : function(jsobj, jsthis, jsargs) {
+      return jsobj.apply(jsthis, jsargs);
+    },
+    // clang-format on
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * The Promise / javascript awaitable API.
+   */
+  Module.PyProxyAwaitableMethods = {
+    /**
+     * This wraps __pyproxy_ensure_future and makes a function that converts a
+     * Python awaitable to a promise, scheduling the awaitable on the Python
+     * event loop if necessary.
+     */
+    _ensure_future : function() {
+      let resolve_handle_id = 0;
+      let reject_handle_id = 0;
+      let resolveHandle;
+      let rejectHandle;
+      let promise;
+      try {
+        promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+          resolveHandle = resolve;
+          rejectHandle = reject;
+        });
+        resolve_handle_id = Module.hiwire.new_value(resolveHandle);
+        reject_handle_id = Module.hiwire.new_value(rejectHandle);
+        let ptrobj = _getPtr(this);
+        let errcode = __pyproxy_ensure_future(ptrobj, resolve_handle_id,
+                                              reject_handle_id);
+        if (errcode === -1) {
+          _pythonexc2js();
+        }
+      } finally {
+        Module.hiwire.decref(resolve_handle_id);
+        Module.hiwire.decref(reject_handle_id);
+      }
+      return promise;
+    },
+    then : function(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
+      let promise = this._ensure_future();
+      return promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
+    },
+    catch : function(onRejected) {
+      let promise = this._ensure_future();
+      return promise.catch(onRejected);
+    },
+    finally : function(onFinally) {
+      let promise = this._ensure_future();
+      return promise.finally(onFinally);
+    }
+  };
+
+  Module.PyProxyCallableMethods = {prototype : Function.prototype};
+  Module.PyProxyBufferMethods = {};
+
+  // A special proxy that we use to wrap pyodide.globals to allow property
+  // access like `pyodide.globals.x`.
+  let globalsPropertyAccessWarned = false;
+  let globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg =
+      "Access to pyodide.globals via pyodide.globals.key is deprecated and " +
+      "will be removed in version 0.18.0. Use pyodide.globals.get('key'), " +
+      "pyodide.globals.set('key', value), pyodide.globals.delete('key') instead.";
+  let NamespaceProxyHandlers = {
+    // clang-format off
+    has : function(obj, key) {
+      return Reflect.has(obj, key) || obj.has(key);
+    },
+    // clang-format on
+    get : function(obj, key) {
+      if (Reflect.has(obj, key)) {
+        return Reflect.get(obj, key);
+      }
+      let result = obj.get(key);
+      if (!globalsPropertyAccessWarned && result !== undefined) {
+        console.warn(globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg);
+        globalsPropertyAccessWarned = true;
+      }
+      return result;
+    },
+    set : function(obj, key, value) {
+      if (Reflect.has(obj, key)) {
+        throw new Error(`Cannot set read only field ${key}`);
+      }
+      if (!globalsPropertyAccessWarned) {
+        globalsPropertyAccessWarned = true;
+        console.warn(globalsPropertyAccessWarningMsg);
+      }
+      obj.set(key, value);
+    },
+    ownKeys : function(obj) {
+      let result = new Set(Reflect.ownKeys(obj));
+      let iter = obj.keys();
+      for (let key of iter) {
+        result.add(key);
+      }
+      iter.destroy();
+      return Array.from(result);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // clang-format off
+  Module.wrapNamespace = function wrapNamespace(ns) {
+    return new Proxy(ns, NamespaceProxyHandlers);
+  };
+  // clang-format on
+  return 0;
+});