.. _api:

API
===

.. module:: jnius

This part of the documentation covers all the interfaces of Pyjnius.

Reflection classes
------------------

.. class:: JavaClass

    Base for reflecting a Java class. The idea is to subclass this JavaClass,
    add few :class:`JavaMethod`, :class:`JavaStaticMethod`, :class:`JavaField`,
    :class:`JavaStaticField`, and you're done.

    You need to define at minimum the :data:`__javaclass__` attribute, and set
    the :data:`__metaclass__` to :class:`MetaJavaClass`.

    So the minimum class definition would look like::

        from jnius import JavaClass, MetaJavaClass

        class Stack(JavaClass):
            __javaclass__ = 'java/util/Stack'
            __metaclass__ = MetaJavaClass

    .. attribute:: __metaclass__

        Must be set to :class:`MetaJavaClass`, otherwise, all the
        methods/fields declared will be not linked to the JavaClass.

    .. attribute:: __javaclass__

        Represent the Java class name, in the format 'org/lang/Class'. (eg:
        'java/util/Stack'), not 'org.lang.Class'.

    .. attribute:: __javaconstructor__

        If not set, we assume the default constructor to take no parameters.
        Otherwise, it can be a list of all possible signatures of the
        constructor. For example, a reflection of the String java class would
        look like::

            class String(JavaClass):
                __javaclass__ == 'java/lang/String'
                __metaclass__ = MetaJavaClass
                __javaconstructor__ == (
                    '()V',
                    '(Ljava/lang/String;)V',
                    '([C)V',
                    '([CII)V',
                    # ...
                )

.. class:: JavaMethod

    Reflection of a Java method.

    .. method:: __init__(signature, static=False)

        Create a reflection of a Java method. The signature is in the JNI
        format. For example::

            class Stack(JavaClass):
                __javaclass__ = 'java/util/Stack'
                __metaclass__ = MetaJavaClass

                peek = JavaMethod('()Ljava/lang/Object;')
                empty = JavaMethod('()Z')

        The name associated to the method is automatically set from the
        declaration within the JavaClass itself.

        The signature can be found with the `javap -s`. For example, if you
        want to fetch the signatures available for `java.util.Stack`::

            $ javap -s java.util.Stack
            Compiled from "Stack.java"
            public class java.util.Stack extends java.util.Vector{
            public java.util.Stack();
              Signature: ()V
            public java.lang.Object push(java.lang.Object);
              Signature: (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
            public synchronized java.lang.Object pop();
              Signature: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
            public synchronized java.lang.Object peek();
              Signature: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
            public boolean empty();
              Signature: ()Z
            public synchronized int search(java.lang.Object);
              Signature: (Ljava/lang/Object;)I
            }


.. class:: JavaStaticMethod

    Reflection of a static Java method.


.. class:: JavaField

    Reflection of a Java field.

    .. method:: __init__(signature, static=False)

        Create a reflection of a Java field. The signature is in the JNI
        format. For example::

            class System(JavaClass):
                __javaclass__ = 'java/lang/System'
                __metaclass__ = MetaJavaClass

                out = JavaField('()Ljava/io/InputStream;', static=True)

        The name associated to the method is automatically set from the
        declaration within the JavaClass itself.


.. class:: JavaStaticField

    Reflection of a static Java field


.. class:: JavaMultipleMethod

    Reflection of a Java method that can be called from multiple signatures.
    For example, the method `getBytes` in the `String` class can be called
    from::

        public byte[] getBytes(java.lang.String)
        public byte[] getBytes(java.nio.charset.Charset)
        public byte[] getBytes()

    Let's see how you could declare that method::

        class String(JavaClass):
            __javaclass__ = 'java/lang/String'
            __metaclass__ = MetaJavaClass

            getBytes = JavaMultipleMethod([
                '(Ljava/lang/String;)[B',
                '(Ljava/nio/charset/Charset;)[B',
                '()[B'])

    Then, when you will try to access to this method, we'll take the best
    method available according to the type of the arguments you're using.
    Internally, we are calculating a "match" score for each available
    signature, and take the best one. Without going into the details, the score
    calculation look like:

    * a direct type match is +10
    * a indirect type match (like using a `float` for an `int` argument) is +5
    * object with unknown type (:class:`JavaObject`) is +1
    * otherwise, it's considered as an error case, and return -1


Reflection functions
--------------------

.. function:: autoclass(name)

    Return a :class:`JavaClass` that represent the class passed from `name`.
    The name must be written in the format: `a.b.c`, not `a/b/c`.

    >>> from jnius import autoclass
    >>> autoclass('java.lang.System')
    <class 'jnius.java.lang.System'>


Java class implementation in Python
-----------------------------------

.. class:: PythonJavaClass

    Base for creating a Java class from a Python class. This allow to implement
    java interface completely in Python.
    
    In reality, you'll create a Python class that mimic the list of declared
    :data:`__javainterfaces__`. When you'll give an instance of this class to
    Java, Java will just accept it and call the interfaces methods as declared.
    Under the hood, we are catching the call, and redirecting to use your
    declared Python method.

    Your class will act as a Proxy to the Java interfaces.

    You need to define at minimum the :data:`__javainterfaces__` attribute, and
    declare java methods with the :func:`java_method` decorator.

    .. note::

        Static methods and static fields are not supported

    For example, you could implement the `java/util/ListIterator` interface in
    Python like that::

        from jnius import PythonJavaClass, java_method

        class PythonListIterator(PythonJavaClass):
            __javainterfaces__ = ['java/util/ListIterator']
            
            def __init__(self, collection, index=0):
                super(TestImplemIterator, self).__init__()
                self.collection = collection
                self.index = index

            @java_method('()Z')
            def hasNext(self):
                return self.index < len(self.collection.data) - 1

            @java_method('()Ljava/lang/Object;')
            def next(self):
                obj = self.collection.data[self.index]
                self.index += 1
                return obj

            # etc...

    .. attribute:: __javainterfaces__

        List of the Java interfaces you want to proxify, in the format
        'org/lang/Class'. (eg: 'java/util/Iterator'), not 'org.lang.Class'.

.. function:: java_method(java_signature, name=None)

    Decoration function to use with :class:`PythonJavaClass`. The
    `java_signature` must match the wanted signature of the interface. The
    `name` of the method will be the name of the Python method by default. You
    can still force it, in case of multiple signature with the same Java method
    name.
    
    For example::

        class PythonListIterator(PythonJavaClass):
            __javainterfaces__ = ['java/util/ListIterator']
            
            @java_method('()Ljava/lang/Object;')
            def next(self):
                obj = self.collection.data[self.index]
                self.index += 1
                return obj

    Another example with the same Java method name, but 2 differents signatures::
    
        class TestImplem(PythonJavaClass):
            __javainterfaces__ = ['java/util/List']

            @java_method('()Ljava/util/ListIterator;')
            def listIterator(self):
                return PythonListIterator(self)

            @java_method('(I)Ljava/util/ListIterator;',
                                 name='ListIterator')
            def listIteratorWithIndex(self, index):
                return PythonListIterator(self, index)

Java signature format
---------------------

Java signatures have a special format that could be difficult to understand at
first. Let's see in details. A signature is in the format::

    (<argument1><argument2><...>)<return type>

All the types for any part of the signature can be one of:

* L<java class>; = represent a Java object of the type <java class>
* Z = represent a java/lang/Boolean;
* B = represent a java/lang/Byte;
* C = represent a java/lang/Character;
* S = represent a java/lang/Short;
* I = represent a java/lang/Integer;
* J = represent a java/lang/Long;
* F = represent a java/lang/Float;
* D = represent a java/lang/Double;
* V = represent void, available only for the return type

All the types can have the `[]` suffix to design an array. The return type can be `V` or empty.

A signature like::

    (ILjava/util/List;)V
    -> argument 1 is an integer
    -> argument 2 is a java.util.List object
    -> the method doesn't return anything.

    (java.util.Collection, java.lang.Object[]);
    -> argument 1 is a Collection
    -> argument 2 is an array of Object
    -> nothing is returned
    

When you implement Java in Python, the signature of the Java method must match.
Java provide a tool named `javap` to get the signature of any java class. For
example::

    $ javap -s java.util.Iterator
    Compiled from "Iterator.java"
    public interface java.util.Iterator{
    public abstract boolean hasNext();
      Signature: ()Z
    public abstract java.lang.Object next();
      Signature: ()Ljava/lang/Object;
    public abstract void remove();
      Signature: ()V
    }