Terminology

To stay sane and communicate effectively we try hard to use consistent terminology throughout the pieces of the project. Please let us know if things here are confusing or lacking.

blob
an immutable sequence of 0 or more bytes, with no extra metadata
blobref
a reference to a blob, consisting of a cryptographic hash function name and that hash function's digest of the blob's bytes, in hex. Examples of valid blobrefs include: 
     sha1-f1d2d2f924e986ac86fdf7b36c94bcdf32beec15
     md5-d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00
     sha256-b5bb9d8014a0f9b1d61e21e796d78dccdf1352f23cd32812f4850b878ae4944c
Concatenating the two together with a hyphen is the common representation, with both parts in all lower case.
blob server
the simplest and lowest layer of the Camlistore servers (see: architecture). A blob server, while potentially shared between users, is logically private to a single user and holds that user's blobs (whatever they may represent).

The protocol to speak with a blob server is simply:

(Note: no delete operation)

schema blob
a Camlistore-recognized data structure, serialized as a JSON object (map). A schema blob must have top-level keys camliVersion and camliType. While you may use any valid JSON serialization library to generate schema blobs, a Camli schema blob has the further restriction that its first 16 bytes must be: 
{"camliVersion":
Those 16 bytes are the magic number by which a Camli search server can quickly recognize and index schema blobs.

The recommended way to serialize your own Camli schema blobs is to use any exiting JSON serialization library to serialize an object without the camliVersion key, and then manually remove the initial byte of the blob (the {) and prepend the required header:

{
  "aKey": "itsValue",
  "camliType": "foo",
  "somethingElse": [1, 2, 3]
}
 
{
  "aKey": "itsValue",
  "camliType": "foo",
  "somethingElse": [1, 2, 3]
}
 
{"camliVersion": 1,
  "aKey": "itsValue",
  "camliType": "foo",
  "somethingElse": [1, 2, 3]
}
signed schema blob (aka "claim")
if you sign a schema blob, it's now a "signed schema blob" or "claim". The terms are used pretty interchangably but generally it's called a claim when the target of the schema blob is an object's permanode (see below).
object
something that's mutable. While a blob is a single immutable thing, an object is a collection of claims which mutate an object over time. See permanode for fuller discussion.
permanode
since an object is mutable and Camlistore is primarily content-addressed, the question arises how you could have a stable reference to something that's changing. Camlistore solves this with the concept of a permanode. Link a permalink on the web, a permanode is a stable link to a Camli object.

A permanode is simply a signed schema blob with no data inside that would be interesting to mutate. See the permanode spec.

A permanent reference to a mutable object then is simply the blobref of the permanode.

The signer of a permanode is its owner and search server and indexer will take this into account. While multiple users may collaborate on mutating an object (by all creating new, signed mutation schema blobs), the owner ultimately decides the policies on how the mutations are respected.

Example permanode blob: (as generated with camput --permanode)

{"camliVersion": 1,
  "camliSigner": "sha1-c4da9d771661563a27704b91b67989e7ea1e50b8",
  "camliType": "permanode",
  "random": "HJ#/s#S+Q$rh:lHJ${)v"
,"camliSig":"iQEcBAABAgAGBQJNQzByAAoJEGjzeDN/6vt85G4IAI9HdygAD8bgz1BnRak6fI+L1dT56MxNsHyAoJaNjYJYKvWR4mrzZonF6l/I7SlvwV4mojofHS21urL8HIGhcMN9dP7Lr9BkCB428kvBtDdazdfN/XVfALVWJOuZEmg165uwTreMOUs377IZom1gjrhnC1bd1VDG7XZ1bP3PPxTxqppM0RuuFWx3/SwixSeWnI+zj9/Qon/wG6M/KDx+cCzuiBwwnpHf8rBmBLNbCs8SVNF3mGwPK0IQq/l4SS6VERVYDPlbBy1hNNdg40MqlJ5jr+Zln3cwF9WzQDznasTs5vK/ylxoXCvVFdOfwBaHkW1NHc3RRpwR0wq2Q8DN3mQ==gR7A"}
frontend
the public-facing server that handles sharing and unified access to both your blob server and search server. (see architecture diagram)
full sync
synchronizing all your blobs between two or more of your blob servers (e.g. mirroring between your house, App Engine, and Amazon).

Generally a full sync will be done with the blob server's enumerate support and no knowledge of the schema. It's a dumb copy of all blobs that the other party doesn't already have.

graph sync
as opposed to a full sync, a graph sync is synchronizing a sub-graph of your blobs between blob servers. This level of sync will operate with knowledge of the schema.
search server
indexer
TODO: finish documenting