.. _guide-serialization:

===============
 Serialization
===============

.. _serializers:

Serializers
===========

By default every message is encoded using `JSON`_, so sending
Python data structures like dictionaries and lists works.
`YAML`_, `msgpack`_ and Python's built-in `pickle` module is also supported,
and if needed you can register any custom serialization scheme you
want to use.

.. _`JSON`: http://www.json.org/
.. _`YAML`: http://yaml.org/
.. _`msgpack`: http://msgpack.sourceforge.net/

Each option has its advantages and disadvantages.

`json` -- JSON is supported in many programming languages, is now
    a standard part of Python (since 2.6), and is fairly fast to
    decode using the modern Python libraries such as `cjson` or
    `simplejson`.

    The primary disadvantage to `JSON` is that it limits you to
    the following data types: strings, Unicode, floats, boolean,
    dictionaries, and lists.  Decimals and dates are notably missing.

    Also, binary data will be transferred using Base64 encoding, which
    will cause the transferred data to be around 34% larger than an
    encoding which supports native binary types.

    However, if your data fits inside the above constraints and
    you need cross-language support, the default setting of `JSON`
    is probably your best choice.

`pickle` -- If you have no desire to support any language other than
    Python, then using the `pickle` encoding will gain you
    the support of all built-in Python data types (except class instances),
    smaller messages when sending binary files, and a slight speedup
    over `JSON` processing.

    By default Kombu uses pickle protocol 2, but this can be changed
    using the :envvar:`PICKLE_PROTOCOL` environment variable or by changing
    the global :data:`kombu.serialization.pickle_protocol` flag.

`yaml` -- YAML has many of the same characteristics as `json`,
    except that it natively supports more data types (including dates,
    recursive references, etc.)

    However, the Python libraries for YAML are a good bit slower
    than the libraries for JSON.

    If you need a more expressive set of data types and need to maintain
    cross-language compatibility, then `YAML` may be a better fit
    than the above.

To instruct `Kombu` to use an alternate serialization method,
use one of the following options.

    1.  Set the serialization option on a per-producer basis::

            >>> producer = Producer(channel,
            ...                     exchange=exchange,
            ...                     serializer="yaml")

    2.  Set the serialization option per message::

            >>> producer.publish(message, routing_key=rkey,
            ...                  serializer="pickle")

Note that a `Consumer` do not need the serialization method specified.
They can auto-detect the serialization method as the
content-type is sent as a message header.

.. _disable-untrusted-serializers:

Disabling Insecure Serializers
------------------------------

.. versionadded:: 2.5.10

Deserializing pickle and yaml from untrusted sources is not safe,
as both pickle and yaml have the ability to execute arbitrary code.

If you are not using these formats you should disable them
by calling :func:`kombu.disable_insecure_serializers`::

    >>> import kombu
    >>> kombu.disable_insecure_serializers()

Or you can specify the content types your consumers should
accept by using the ``accept`` argument::

    >>> Consumer(accept=['json', 'pickle'])
    >>> Consumer(accept=['application/json'])

.. note::

    Insecure serializers will be disabled by default
    in the next major version (Kombu 3.0)

.. _sending-raw-data:

Sending raw data without Serialization
======================================

In some cases, you don't need your message data to be serialized. If you
pass in a plain string or Unicode object as your message, then `Kombu` will
not waste cycles serializing/deserializing the data.

You can optionally specify a `content_type` and `content_encoding`
for the raw data::

    >>> with open("~/my_picture.jpg", "rb") as fh:
    ...     producer.publish(fh.read(),
                             content_type="image/jpeg",
                             content_encoding="binary",
                             routing_key=rkey)

The `Message` object returned by the `Consumer` class will have a
`content_type` and `content_encoding` attribute.

.. _serialization-entrypoints:

Creating extensions using Setuptools entry-points
=================================================

A package can also register new serializers using Setuptools
entry-points.

The entry-point must provide the name of the serializer along
with the path to a tuple providing the rest of the args:
``decoder_function, encoder_function, content_type, content_encoding``.

An example entrypoint could be:

.. code-block:: python

    from setuptools import setup

    setup(
        entry_points={
            'kombu.serializers': [
                'my_serializer = my_module.serializer:register_args'
            ]
        }
    )


Then the module ``my_module.serializer`` would look like:

.. code-block:: python

    register_args = (my_decoder, my_encoder, 'application/x-mimetype', 'utf-8')


When this package is installed the new 'my_serializer' serializer will be
supported by Kombu.


.. admonition:: Buffer Objects

    The decoder function of custom serializer must support both strings
    and Python's old-style buffer objects.

    Python pickle and json modules usually don't do this via its ``loads``
    function, but you can easily add support by making a wrapper around the
    ``load`` function that takes file objects instead of strings.

    Here's an example wrapping :func:`pickle.loads` in such a way:

    .. code-block:: python

        import pickle
        from kombu.serialization import BytesIO, register


        def loads(s):
            return pickle.load(BytesIO(s))

        register('my_pickle', loads, pickle.dumps,
                content_type='application/x-pickle2',
                content_encoding='binary')