\section{\module{socket} ---
         Low-level networking interface}

\declaremodule{builtin}{socket}
\modulesynopsis{Low-level networking interface.}


This module provides access to the BSD \emph{socket} interface.
It is available on \UNIX{} systems that support this interface.

For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following
papers: \emph{An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication
Tutorial}, by Stuart Sechrest and \emph{An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess
Communication Tutorial}, by Samuel J.  Leffler et al, both in the
\UNIX{} Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7
and PS1:8).  The \UNIX{} manual pages for the various socket-related
system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of
socket semantics.

The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the
\UNIX{} system call and library interface for sockets to Python's
object-oriented style: the \function{socket()} function returns a
\dfn{socket object}\obindex{socket} whose methods implement the
various socket system calls.  Parameter types are somewhat
higher-level than in the C interface: as with \method{read()} and
\method{write()} operations on Python files, buffer allocation on
receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send
operations.

Socket addresses are represented as a single string for the
\constant{AF_UNIX} address family and as a pair
\code{(\var{host}, \var{port})} for the \constant{AF_INET} address
family, where \var{host} is a string representing
either a hostname in Internet domain notation like
\code{'daring.cwi.nl'} or an IP address like \code{'100.50.200.5'},
and \var{port} is an integral port number.  Other address families are
currently not supported.  The address format required by a particular
socket object is automatically selected based on the address family
specified when the socket object was created.

For IP addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host
address: the empty string represents \constant{INADDR_ANY}, and the string
\code{'<broadcast>'} represents \constant{INADDR_BROADCAST}.

All errors raise exceptions.  The normal exceptions for invalid
argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors
related to socket or address semantics raise the error
\exception{socket.error}.

Non-blocking mode is supported through the
\method{setblocking()} method.

The module \module{socket} exports the following constants and functions:


\begin{excdesc}{error}
This exception is raised for socket- or address-related errors.
The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a
pair \code{(\var{errno}, \var{string})}
representing an error returned by a system
call, similar to the value accompanying \exception{os.error}.
See the module \refmodule{errno}\refbimodindex{errno}, which contains
names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{datadesc}{AF_UNIX}
\dataline{AF_INET}
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families,
used for the first argument to \function{socket()}.  If the
\constant{AF_UNIX} constant is not defined then this protocol is
unsupported.
\end{datadesc}

\begin{datadesc}{SOCK_STREAM}
\dataline{SOCK_DGRAM}
\dataline{SOCK_RAW}
\dataline{SOCK_RDM}
\dataline{SOCK_SEQPACKET}
These constants represent the socket types,
used for the second argument to \function{socket()}.
(Only \constant{SOCK_STREAM} and
\constant{SOCK_DGRAM} appear to be generally useful.)
\end{datadesc}

\begin{datadesc}{SO_*}
\dataline{SOMAXCONN}
\dataline{MSG_*}
\dataline{SOL_*}
\dataline{IPPROTO_*}
\dataline{IPPORT_*}
\dataline{INADDR_*}
\dataline{IP_*}
Many constants of these forms, documented in the \UNIX{} documentation on
sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module.
They are generally used in arguments to the \method{setsockopt()} and
\method{getsockopt()} methods of socket objects.  In most cases, only
those symbols that are defined in the \UNIX{} header files are defined;
for a few symbols, default values are provided.
\end{datadesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname}{hostname}
Translate a host name to IP address format.  The IP address is
returned as a string, e.g.,  \code{'100.50.200.5'}.  If the host name
is an IP address itself it is returned unchanged.  See
\function{gethostbyname_ex()} for a more complete interface.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyname_ex}{hostname}
Translate a host name to IP address format, extended interface.
Return a triple \code{(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)} where
\code{hostname} is the primary host name responding to the given
\var{ip_address}, \code{aliaslist} is a (possibly empty) list of
alternative host names for the same address, and \code{ipaddrlist} is
a list of IP addresses for the same interface on the same
host (often but not always a single address).
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{gethostname}{}
Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where 
the Python interpreter is currently executing.  If you want to know the
current machine's IP address, use \code{gethostbyname(gethostname())}.
Note: \function{gethostname()} doesn't always return the fully qualified
domain name; use \code{gethostbyaddr(gethostname())}
(see below).
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{gethostbyaddr}{ip_address}
Return a triple \code{(\var{hostname}, \var{aliaslist},
\var{ipaddrlist})} where \var{hostname} is the primary host name
responding to the given \var{ip_address}, \var{aliaslist} is a
(possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address,
and \var{ipaddrlist} is a list of IP addresses for the same interface
on the same host (most likely containing only a single address).
To find the fully qualified domain name, check \var{hostname} and the
items of \var{aliaslist} for an entry containing at least one period.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{getprotobyname}{protocolname}
Translate an Internet protocol name (e.g.\ \code{'icmp'}) to a constant
suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the
\function{socket()} function.  This is usually only needed for sockets
opened in ``raw'' mode (\constant{SOCK_RAW}); for the normal socket
modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is
omitted or zero.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{getservbyname}{servicename, protocolname}
Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number
for that service.  The protocol name should be \code{'tcp'} or
\code{'udp'}.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{socket}{family, type\optional{, proto}}
Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and
protocol number.  The address family should be \constant{AF_INET} or
\constant{AF_UNIX}.  The socket type should be \constant{SOCK_STREAM},
\constant{SOCK_DGRAM} or perhaps one of the other \samp{SOCK_} constants.
The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{fromfd}{fd, family, type\optional{, proto}}
Build a socket object from an existing file descriptor (an integer as
returned by a file object's \method{fileno()} method).  Address family,
socket type and protocol number are as for the \function{socket()} function
above.  The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not
checked --- subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file
descriptor is invalid.  This function is rarely needed, but can be
used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as
standard input or output (e.g.\ a server started by the \UNIX{} inet
daemon).
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{ntohl}{x}
Convert 32-bit integers from network to host byte order.  On machines
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{ntohs}{x}
Convert 16-bit integers from network to host byte order.  On machines
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{htonl}{x}
Convert 32-bit integers from host to network byte order.  On machines
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{htons}{x}
Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order.  On machines
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a
no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{inet_aton}{ip_string}
Convert an IP address from dotted-quad string format
(e.g.\ '123.45.67.89') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a string four
characters in length.

Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.

If the IP address string passed to this function is invalid,
\exception{socket.error} will be raised. Note that exactly what is
valid depends on the underlying C implementation of
\cfunction{inet_aton()}.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{inet_ntoa}{packed_ip}
Convert a 32-bit packed IP address (a string four characters in
length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation
(e.g. '123.45.67.89').

Useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library
and needs objects of type \ctype{struct in_addr}, which is the C type
for the 32-bit packed binary this function takes as an argument.

If the string passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in
length, \exception{socket.error} will be raised.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{datadesc}{SocketType}
This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type.
It is the same as \code{type(socket(...))}.
\end{datadesc}

\subsection{Socket Objects \label{socket-objects}}

Socket objects have the following methods.  Except for
\method{makefile()} these correspond to \UNIX{} system calls
applicable to sockets.

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{accept}{}
Accept a connection.
The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections.
The return value is a pair \code{(\var{conn}, \var{address})}
where \var{conn} is a \emph{new} socket object usable to send and
receive data on the connection, and \var{address} is the address bound
to the socket on the other end of the connection.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{bind}{address}
Bind the socket to \var{address}.  The socket must not already be bound.
(The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{close}{}
Close the socket.  All future operations on the socket object will fail.
The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).
Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect}{address}
Connect to a remote socket at \var{address}.
(The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see
above.)
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{connect_ex}{address}
Like \code{connect(\var{address})}, but return an error indicator
instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level
\cfunction{connect()} call (other problems, such as ``host not found,''
can still raise exceptions).  The error indicator is \code{0} if the
operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the \cdata{errno}
variable.  This is useful, e.g., for asynchronous connects.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{fileno}{}
Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer).  This is useful
with \function{select.select()}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getpeername}{}
Return the remote address to which the socket is connected.  This is
useful to find out the port number of a remote IP socket, for instance.
(The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
see above.)  On some systems this function is not supported.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockname}{}
Return the socket's own address.  This is useful to find out the port
number of an IP socket, for instance.
(The format of the address returned depends on the address family ---
see above.)
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{getsockopt}{level, optname\optional{, buflen}}
Return the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
\manpage{getsockopt}{2}).  The needed symbolic constants
(\constant{SO_*} etc.) are defined in this module.  If \var{buflen}
is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value
is returned by the function.  If \var{buflen} is present, it specifies
the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and
this buffer is returned as a string.  It is up to the caller to decode
the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module
\refmodule{struct} for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings).
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{listen}{backlog}
Listen for connections made to the socket.  The \var{backlog} argument
specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at
least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{makefile}{\optional{mode\optional{, bufsize}}}
Return a \dfn{file object} associated with the socket.  (File objects
are described in \ref{bltin-file-objects}, ``File Objects.'')
The file object references a \cfunction{dup()}ped version of the
socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be
closed or garbage-collected independently.
\index{I/O control!buffering}The optional \var{mode}
and \var{bufsize} arguments are interpreted the same way as by the
built-in \function{open()} function.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recv}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
Receive data from the socket.  The return value is a string representing
the data received.  The maximum amount of data to be received
at once is specified by \var{bufsize}.  See the \UNIX{} manual page
\manpage{recv}{2} for the meaning of the optional argument
\var{flags}; it defaults to zero.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{recvfrom}{bufsize\optional{, flags}}
Receive data from the socket.  The return value is a pair
\code{(\var{string}, \var{address})} where \var{string} is a string
representing the data received and \var{address} is the address of the
socket sending the data.  The optional \var{flags} argument has the
same meaning as for \method{recv()} above.
(The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{send}{string\optional{, flags}}
Send data to the socket.  The socket must be connected to a remote
socket.  The optional \var{flags} argument has the same meaning as for
\method{recv()} above.  Returns the number of bytes sent.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{sendto}{string\optional{, flags}, address}
Send data to the socket.  The socket should not be connected to a
remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by
\var{address}.  The optional \var{flags} argument has the same
meaning as for \method{recv()} above.  Return the number of bytes sent.
(The format of \var{address} depends on the address family --- see above.)
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setblocking}{flag}
Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if \var{flag} is 0,
the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode.  Initially
all sockets are in blocking mode.  In non-blocking mode, if a
\method{recv()} call doesn't find any data, or if a
\method{send()} call can't immediately dispose of the data, a
\exception{error} exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls
block until they can proceed.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{setsockopt}{level, optname, value}
Set the value of the given socket option (see the \UNIX{} man page
\manpage{setsockopt}{2}).  The needed symbolic constants are defined in
the \module{socket} module (\code{SO_*} etc.).  The value can be an
integer or a string representing a buffer.  In the latter case it is
up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits
(see the optional built-in module
\refmodule{struct}\refbimodindex{struct} for a way to encode C
structures as strings). 
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[socket]{shutdown}{how}
Shut down one or both halves of the connection.  If \var{how} is
\code{0}, further receives are disallowed.  If \var{how} is \code{1},
further sends are disallowed.  If \var{how} is \code{2}, further sends
and receives are disallowed.
\end{methoddesc}

Note that there are no methods \method{read()} or \method{write()};
use \method{recv()} and \method{send()} without \var{flags} argument
instead.

\subsection{Example}
\nodename{Socket Example}

Here are two minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol:\ a
server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one
client), and a client using it.  Note that a server must perform the
sequence \function{socket()}, \method{bind()}, \method{listen()},
\method{accept()} (possibly repeating the \method{accept()} to service
more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence
\function{socket()}, \method{connect()}.  Also note that the server
does not \method{send()}/\method{recv()} on the 
socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by
\method{accept()}.

\begin{verbatim}
# Echo server program
from socket import *
HOST = ''                 # Symbolic name meaning the local host
PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged server
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind(HOST, PORT)
s.listen(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
print 'Connected by', addr
while 1:
    data = conn.recv(1024)
    if not data: break
    conn.send(data)
conn.close()
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
# Echo client program
from socket import *
HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect(HOST, PORT)
s.send('Hello, world')
data = s.recv(1024)
s.close()
print 'Received', `data`
\end{verbatim}

\begin{seealso}
\seemodule{SocketServer}{classes that simplify writing network servers}
\end{seealso}