From 1db1d14e11cbbc9406d8fde1b1497c4b03394d1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 11:33:35 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 01/45] Update pydoc topics and suspicious ignore. --- Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv | 8 ++++---- Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py | 10 +++++----- 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv index c2e4c438638..6dd17971c25 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv +++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv @@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ library/urllib.request,,:lang,"xmlns=""http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"" xml:lang=" library/xmlrpc.client,103,:pass,http://user:pass@host:port/path library/xmlrpc.client,103,:port,http://user:pass@host:port/path library/xmlrpc.client,103,:pass,user:pass -license,717,`,* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY -license,717,`,* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND -license,879,`,"``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including" -license,879,`,"THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND," +license,,`,* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY +license,,`,* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND +license,,`,"``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including" +license,,`,"THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND," reference/lexical_analysis,704,`,$ ? ` whatsnew/2.7,735,:Sunday,'2009:4:Sunday' whatsnew/2.7,862,::,"export PYTHONWARNINGS=all,error:::Cookie:0" diff --git a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py index 55fa26dbfde..a4c457c6ea4 100644 --- a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py +++ b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sun Jul 3 09:27:35 2011 +# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sat Aug 13 11:28:40 2011 topics = {'assert': '\nThe ``assert`` statement\n************************\n\nAssert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions\ninto a program:\n\n assert_stmt ::= "assert" expression ["," expression]\n\nThe simple form, ``assert expression``, is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression: raise AssertionError\n\nThe extended form, ``assert expression1, expression2``, is equivalent\nto\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)\n\nThese equivalences assume that ``__debug__`` and ``AssertionError``\nrefer to the built-in variables with those names. In the current\nimplementation, the built-in variable ``__debug__`` is ``True`` under\nnormal circumstances, ``False`` when optimization is requested\n(command line option -O). The current code generator emits no code\nfor an assert statement when optimization is requested at compile\ntime. Note that it is unnecessary to include the source code for the\nexpression that failed in the error message; it will be displayed as\npart of the stack trace.\n\nAssignments to ``__debug__`` are illegal. The value for the built-in\nvariable is determined when the interpreter starts.\n', 'assignment': '\nAssignment statements\n*********************\n\nAssignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to\nmodify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n\n assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (expression_list | yield_expression)\n target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n target ::= identifier\n | "(" target_list ")"\n | "[" target_list "]"\n | attributeref\n | subscription\n | slicing\n | "*" target\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that\nthis can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter\nyielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of\nthe target lists, from left to right.\n\nAssignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target\n(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute\nreference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\nultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and\nmay raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules\nobserved by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the\ndefinition of the object types (see section *The standard type\nhierarchy*).\n\nAssignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed in\nparentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as follows.\n\n* If the target list is a single target: The object is assigned to\n that target.\n\n* If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: The object\n must be an iterable with the same number of items as there are\n targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from left to\n right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n * If the target list contains one target prefixed with an asterisk,\n called a "starred" target: The object must be a sequence with at\n least as many items as there are targets in the target list, minus\n one. The first items of the sequence are assigned, from left to\n right, to the targets before the starred target. The final items\n of the sequence are assigned to the targets after the starred\n target. A list of the remaining items in the sequence is then\n assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty).\n\n * Else: The object must be a sequence with the same number of items\n as there are targets in the target list, and the items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\nAssignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target is an identifier (name):\n\n * If the name does not occur in a ``global`` or ``nonlocal``\n statement in the current code block: the name is bound to the\n object in the current local namespace.\n\n * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global namespace\n or the outer namespace determined by ``nonlocal``, respectively.\n\n The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the\n reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach\n zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it\n has one) to be called.\n\n* If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or in square\n brackets: The object must be an iterable with the same number of\n items as there are targets in the target list, and its items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in\n the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n assignable attributes; if this is not the case, ``TypeError`` is\n raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to\n the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises\n an exception (usually but not necessarily ``AttributeError``).\n\n Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference\n occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the RHS expression,\n ``a.x`` can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance\n attribute exists) a class attribute. The LHS target ``a.x`` is\n always set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary.\n Thus, the two occurrences of ``a.x`` do not necessarily refer to the\n same attribute: if the RHS expression refers to a class attribute,\n the LHS creates a new instance attribute as the target of the\n assignment:\n\n class Cls:\n x = 3 # class variable\n inst = Cls()\n inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3\n\n This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n attributes, such as properties created with ``property()``.\n\n* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence\n object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary).\n Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n\n If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the\n subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the sequence\'s\n length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative\n integer less than the sequence\'s length, and the sequence is asked\n to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. If the\n index is out of range, ``IndexError`` is raised (assignment to a\n subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list).\n\n If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the\n subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping\'s key type,\n and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps\n the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an\n existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new\n key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n\n For user-defined objects, the ``__setitem__()`` method is called\n with appropriate arguments.\n\n* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the reference\n is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object (such as a\n list). The assigned object should be a sequence object of the same\n type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are evaluated,\n insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the sequence\'s\n length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If either bound is\n negative, the sequence\'s length is added to it. The resulting\n bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence\'s length,\n inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace the\n slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of the\n slice may be different from the length of the assigned sequence,\n thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the object\n allows it.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** In the current implementation, the\nsyntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and\ninvalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing\nless detailed error messages.\n\nWARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps\nbetween the left-hand side and the right-hand side are \'safe\' (for\nexample ``a, b = b, a`` swaps two variables), overlaps *within* the\ncollection of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the\nfollowing program prints ``[0, 2]``:\n\n x = [0, 1]\n i = 0\n i, x[i] = 1, 2\n print(x)\n\nSee also:\n\n **PEP 3132** - Extended Iterable Unpacking\n The specification for the ``*target`` feature.\n\n\nAugmented assignment statements\n===============================\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like ``x += 1`` can be rewritten as\n``x = x + 1`` to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In\nthe augmented version, ``x`` is only evaluated once. Also, when\npossible, the actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that\nrather than creating a new object and assigning that to the target,\nthe old object is modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same *caveat about\nclass and instance attributes* applies as for regular assignments.\n', 'atom-identifiers': '\nIdentifiers (Names)\n*******************\n\nAn identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See section\n*Identifiers and keywords* for lexical definition and section *Naming\nand binding* for documentation of naming and binding.\n\nWhen the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields\nthat object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it\nraises a ``NameError`` exception.\n\n**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in\na class definition begins with two or more underscore characters and\ndoes not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a *private\nname* of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form\nbefore code is generated for them. The transformation inserts the\nclass name in front of the name, with leading underscores removed, and\na single underscore inserted in front of the class name. For example,\nthe identifier ``__spam`` occurring in a class named ``Ham`` will be\ntransformed to ``_Ham__spam``. This transformation is independent of\nthe syntactical context in which the identifier is used. If the\ntransformed name is extremely long (longer than 255 characters),\nimplementation defined truncation may happen. If the class name\nconsists only of underscores, no transformation is done.\n', @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ 'booleans': '\nBoolean operations\n******************\n\n or_test ::= and_test | or_test "or" and_test\n and_test ::= not_test | and_test "and" not_test\n not_test ::= comparison | "not" not_test\n\nIn the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions are\nused by control flow statements, the following values are interpreted\nas false: ``False``, ``None``, numeric zero of all types, and empty\nstrings and containers (including strings, tuples, lists,\ndictionaries, sets and frozensets). All other values are interpreted\nas true. User-defined objects can customize their truth value by\nproviding a ``__bool__()`` method.\n\nThe operator ``not`` yields ``True`` if its argument is false,\n``False`` otherwise.\n\nThe expression ``x and y`` first evaluates *x*; if *x* is false, its\nvalue is returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value\nis returned.\n\nThe expression ``x or y`` first evaluates *x*; if *x* is true, its\nvalue is returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value\nis returned.\n\n(Note that neither ``and`` nor ``or`` restrict the value and type they\nreturn to ``False`` and ``True``, but rather return the last evaluated\nargument. This is sometimes useful, e.g., if ``s`` is a string that\nshould be replaced by a default value if it is empty, the expression\n``s or \'foo\'`` yields the desired value. Because ``not`` has to\ninvent a value anyway, it does not bother to return a value of the\nsame type as its argument, so e.g., ``not \'foo\'`` yields ``False``,\nnot ``\'\'``.)\n', 'break': '\nThe ``break`` statement\n***********************\n\n break_stmt ::= "break"\n\n``break`` may only occur syntactically nested in a ``for`` or\n``while`` loop, but not nested in a function or class definition\nwithin that loop.\n\nIt terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional\n``else`` clause if the loop has one.\n\nIf a ``for`` loop is terminated by ``break``, the loop control target\nkeeps its current value.\n\nWhen ``break`` passes control out of a ``try`` statement with a\n``finally`` clause, that ``finally`` clause is executed before really\nleaving the loop.\n', 'callable-types': '\nEmulating callable objects\n**************************\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, ``x(arg1, arg2, ...)`` is a shorthand for\n ``x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)``.\n', - 'calls': '\nCalls\n*****\n\nA call calls a callable object (e.g., a function) with a possibly\nempty series of arguments:\n\n call ::= primary "(" [argument_list [","] | comprehension] ")"\n argument_list ::= positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "*" expression] ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | keyword_arguments ["," "*" expression]\n ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "*" expression ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "**" expression\n positional_arguments ::= expression ("," expression)*\n keyword_arguments ::= keyword_item ("," keyword_item)*\n keyword_item ::= identifier "=" expression\n\nA trailing comma may be present after the positional and keyword\narguments but does not affect the semantics.\n\nThe primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined\nfunctions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class\nobjects, methods of class instances, and all objects having a\n``__call__()`` method are callable). All argument expressions are\nevaluated before the call is attempted. Please refer to section\n*Function definitions* for the syntax of formal parameter lists.\n\nIf keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to\npositional arguments, as follows. First, a list of unfilled slots is\ncreated for the formal parameters. If there are N positional\narguments, they are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each\nkeyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the\ncorresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first formal\nparameter name, the first slot is used, and so on). If the slot is\nalready filled, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised. Otherwise, the\nvalue of the argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the\nexpression is ``None``, it fills the slot). When all arguments have\nbeen processed, the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the\ncorresponding default value from the function definition. (Default\nvalues are calculated, once, when the function is defined; thus, a\nmutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default value will\nbe shared by all calls that don\'t specify an argument value for the\ncorresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.) If there are any\nunfilled slots for which no default value is specified, a\n``TypeError`` exception is raised. Otherwise, the list of filled\nslots is used as the argument list for the call.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** An implementation may provide\nbuilt-in functions whose positional parameters do not have names, even\nif they are \'named\' for the purpose of documentation, and which\ntherefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the case\nfor functions implemented in C that use ``PyArg_ParseTuple()`` to\nparse their arguments.\n\nIf there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter\nslots, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax ``*identifier`` is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments\n(or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).\n\nIf any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter\nname, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax ``**identifier`` is present; in this case, that\nformal parameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword\narguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as\ncorresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were no\nexcess keyword arguments.\n\nIf the syntax ``*expression`` appears in the function call,\n``expression`` must evaluate to a sequence. Elements from this\nsequence are treated as if they were additional positional arguments;\nif there are positional arguments *x1*,..., *xN*, and ``expression``\nevaluates to a sequence *y1*, ..., *yM*, this is equivalent to a call\nwith M+N positional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, *y1*, ..., *yM*.\n\nA consequence of this is that although the ``*expression`` syntax may\nappear *after* some keyword arguments, it is processed *before* the\nkeyword arguments (and the ``**expression`` argument, if any -- see\nbelow). So:\n\n >>> def f(a, b):\n ... print(a, b)\n ...\n >>> f(b=1, *(2,))\n 2 1\n >>> f(a=1, *(2,))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "", line 1, in ?\n TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument \'a\'\n >>> f(1, *(2,))\n 1 2\n\nIt is unusual for both keyword arguments and the ``*expression``\nsyntax to be used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does\nnot arise.\n\nIf the syntax ``**expression`` appears in the function call,\n``expression`` must evaluate to a mapping, the contents of which are\ntreated as additional keyword arguments. In the case of a keyword\nappearing in both ``expression`` and as an explicit keyword argument,\na ``TypeError`` exception is raised.\n\nFormal parameters using the syntax ``*identifier`` or ``**identifier``\ncannot be used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument\nnames.\n\nA call always returns some value, possibly ``None``, unless it raises\nan exception. How this value is computed depends on the type of the\ncallable object.\n\nIf it is---\n\na user-defined function:\n The code block for the function is executed, passing it the\n argument list. The first thing the code block will do is bind the\n formal parameters to the arguments; this is described in section\n *Function definitions*. When the code block executes a ``return``\n statement, this specifies the return value of the function call.\n\na built-in function or method:\n The result is up to the interpreter; see *Built-in Functions* for\n the descriptions of built-in functions and methods.\n\na class object:\n A new instance of that class is returned.\n\na class instance method:\n The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument\n list that is one longer than the argument list of the call: the\n instance becomes the first argument.\n\na class instance:\n The class must define a ``__call__()`` method; the effect is then\n the same as if that method was called.\n', + 'calls': '\nCalls\n*****\n\nA call calls a callable object (e.g., a function) with a possibly\nempty series of arguments:\n\n call ::= primary "(" [argument_list [","] | comprehension] ")"\n argument_list ::= positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "*" expression] ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | keyword_arguments ["," "*" expression]\n ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "*" expression ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "**" expression\n positional_arguments ::= expression ("," expression)*\n keyword_arguments ::= keyword_item ("," keyword_item)*\n keyword_item ::= identifier "=" expression\n\nA trailing comma may be present after the positional and keyword\narguments but does not affect the semantics.\n\nThe primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined\nfunctions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class\nobjects, methods of class instances, and all objects having a\n``__call__()`` method are callable). All argument expressions are\nevaluated before the call is attempted. Please refer to section\n*Function definitions* for the syntax of formal parameter lists.\n\nIf keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to\npositional arguments, as follows. First, a list of unfilled slots is\ncreated for the formal parameters. If there are N positional\narguments, they are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each\nkeyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the\ncorresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first formal\nparameter name, the first slot is used, and so on). If the slot is\nalready filled, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised. Otherwise, the\nvalue of the argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the\nexpression is ``None``, it fills the slot). When all arguments have\nbeen processed, the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the\ncorresponding default value from the function definition. (Default\nvalues are calculated, once, when the function is defined; thus, a\nmutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default value will\nbe shared by all calls that don\'t specify an argument value for the\ncorresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.) If there are any\nunfilled slots for which no default value is specified, a\n``TypeError`` exception is raised. Otherwise, the list of filled\nslots is used as the argument list for the call.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** An implementation may provide\nbuilt-in functions whose positional parameters do not have names, even\nif they are \'named\' for the purpose of documentation, and which\ntherefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the case\nfor functions implemented in C that use ``PyArg_ParseTuple()`` to\nparse their arguments.\n\nIf there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter\nslots, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax ``*identifier`` is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments\n(or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).\n\nIf any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter\nname, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax ``**identifier`` is present; in this case, that\nformal parameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword\narguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as\ncorresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were no\nexcess keyword arguments.\n\nIf the syntax ``*expression`` appears in the function call,\n``expression`` must evaluate to an iterable. Elements from this\niterable are treated as if they were additional positional arguments;\nif there are positional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, and ``expression``\nevaluates to a sequence *y1*, ..., *yM*, this is equivalent to a call\nwith M+N positional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, *y1*, ..., *yM*.\n\nA consequence of this is that although the ``*expression`` syntax may\nappear *after* some keyword arguments, it is processed *before* the\nkeyword arguments (and the ``**expression`` argument, if any -- see\nbelow). So:\n\n >>> def f(a, b):\n ... print(a, b)\n ...\n >>> f(b=1, *(2,))\n 2 1\n >>> f(a=1, *(2,))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "", line 1, in ?\n TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument \'a\'\n >>> f(1, *(2,))\n 1 2\n\nIt is unusual for both keyword arguments and the ``*expression``\nsyntax to be used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does\nnot arise.\n\nIf the syntax ``**expression`` appears in the function call,\n``expression`` must evaluate to a mapping, the contents of which are\ntreated as additional keyword arguments. In the case of a keyword\nappearing in both ``expression`` and as an explicit keyword argument,\na ``TypeError`` exception is raised.\n\nFormal parameters using the syntax ``*identifier`` or ``**identifier``\ncannot be used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument\nnames.\n\nA call always returns some value, possibly ``None``, unless it raises\nan exception. How this value is computed depends on the type of the\ncallable object.\n\nIf it is---\n\na user-defined function:\n The code block for the function is executed, passing it the\n argument list. The first thing the code block will do is bind the\n formal parameters to the arguments; this is described in section\n *Function definitions*. When the code block executes a ``return``\n statement, this specifies the return value of the function call.\n\na built-in function or method:\n The result is up to the interpreter; see *Built-in Functions* for\n the descriptions of built-in functions and methods.\n\na class object:\n A new instance of that class is returned.\n\na class instance method:\n The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument\n list that is one longer than the argument list of the call: the\n instance becomes the first argument.\n\na class instance:\n The class must define a ``__call__()`` method; the effect is then\n the same as if that method was called.\n', 'class': '\nClass definitions\n*****************\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section *The standard\ntype hierarchy*):\n\n classdef ::= [decorators] "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [argument_list [","] | comprehension] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance list\nusually gives a list of base classes (see *Customizing class creation*\nfor more advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a\nclass object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance\nlist inherit, by default, from the base class ``object``; hence,\n\n class Foo:\n pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n class Foo(object):\n pass\n\nThe class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see\n*Naming and binding*), using a newly created local namespace and the\noriginal global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly\nfunction definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes execution, its\nexecution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. [4] A\nclass object is then created using the inheritance list for the base\nclasses and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary.\nThe class name is bound to this class object in the original local\nnamespace.\n\nClass creation can be customized heavily using *metaclasses*.\n\nClasses can also be decorated: just like when decorating functions,\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n class Foo: pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n class Foo: pass\n Foo = f1(arg)(f2(Foo))\n\nThe evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same as for\nfunction decorators. The result must be a class object, which is then\nbound to the class name.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance attributes\ncan be set in a method with ``self.name = value``. Both class and\ninstance attributes are accessible through the notation\n"``self.name``", and an instance attribute hides a class attribute\nwith the same name when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be\nused as defaults for instance attributes, but using mutable values\nthere can lead to unexpected results. *Descriptors* can be used to\ncreate instance variables with different implementation details.\n\nSee also:\n\n **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3 **PEP 3129** - Class\n Decorators\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless there\n is a ``finally`` clause which happens to raise another exception.\n That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of an\n exception or the execution of a ``return``, ``continue``, or\n ``break`` statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the function\n body is transformed into the function\'s ``__doc__`` attribute and\n therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s ``__doc__`` item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', 'comparisons': '\nComparisons\n***********\n\nUnlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority,\nwhich is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise\noperation. Also unlike C, expressions like ``a < b < c`` have the\ninterpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n\n comparison ::= or_expr ( comp_operator or_expr )*\n comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "!="\n | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n\nComparisons yield boolean values: ``True`` or ``False``.\n\nComparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., ``x < y <= z`` is\nequivalent to ``x < y and y <= z``, except that ``y`` is evaluated\nonly once (but in both cases ``z`` is not evaluated at all when ``x <\ny`` is found to be false).\n\nFormally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*,\n*op2*, ..., *opN* are comparison operators, then ``a op1 b op2 c ... y\nopN z`` is equivalent to ``a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z``,\nexcept that each expression is evaluated at most once.\n\nNote that ``a op1 b op2 c`` doesn\'t imply any kind of comparison\nbetween *a* and *c*, so that, e.g., ``x < y > z`` is perfectly legal\n(though perhaps not pretty).\n\nThe operators ``<``, ``>``, ``==``, ``>=``, ``<=``, and ``!=`` compare\nthe values of two objects. The objects need not have the same type.\nIf both are numbers, they are converted to a common type. Otherwise,\nthe ``==`` and ``!=`` operators *always* consider objects of different\ntypes to be unequal, while the ``<``, ``>``, ``>=`` and ``<=``\noperators raise a ``TypeError`` when comparing objects of different\ntypes that do not implement these operators for the given pair of\ntypes. You can control comparison behavior of objects of non-built-in\ntypes by defining rich comparison methods like ``__gt__()``, described\nin section *Basic customization*.\n\nComparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:\n\n* Numbers are compared arithmetically.\n\n* The values ``float(\'NaN\')`` and ``Decimal(\'NaN\')`` are special. The\n are identical to themselves, ``x is x`` but are not equal to\n themselves, ``x != x``. Additionally, comparing any value to a\n not-a-number value will return ``False``. For example, both ``3 <\n float(\'NaN\')`` and ``float(\'NaN\') < 3`` will return ``False``.\n\n* Bytes objects are compared lexicographically using the numeric\n values of their elements.\n\n* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents\n (the result of the built-in function ``ord()``) of their characters.\n [3] String and bytes object can\'t be compared!\n\n* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison of\n corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, each\n element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same\n type and have the same length.\n\n If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first\n differing elements. For example, ``[1,2,x] <= [1,2,y]`` has the\n same value as ``x <= y``. If the corresponding element does not\n exist, the shorter sequence is ordered first (for example, ``[1,2] <\n [1,2,3]``).\n\n* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if they have the\n same ``(key, value)`` pairs. Order comparisons ``(\'<\', \'<=\', \'>=\',\n \'>\')`` raise ``TypeError``.\n\n* Sets and frozensets define comparison operators to mean subset and\n superset tests. Those relations do not define total orderings (the\n two sets ``{1,2}`` and {2,3} are not equal, nor subsets of one\n another, nor supersets of one another). Accordingly, sets are not\n appropriate arguments for functions which depend on total ordering.\n For example, ``min()``, ``max()``, and ``sorted()`` produce\n undefined results given a list of sets as inputs.\n\n* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they are\n the same object; the choice whether one object is considered smaller\n or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but consistently\n within one execution of a program.\n\nComparison of objects of the differing types depends on whether either\nof the types provide explicit support for the comparison. Most\nnumeric types can be compared with one another, but comparisons of\n``float`` and ``Decimal`` are not supported to avoid the inevitable\nconfusion arising from representation issues such as ``float(\'1.1\')``\nbeing inexactly represented and therefore not exactly equal to\n``Decimal(\'1.1\')`` which is. When cross-type comparison is not\nsupported, the comparison method returns ``NotImplemented``. This can\ncreate the illusion of non-transitivity between supported cross-type\ncomparisons and unsupported comparisons. For example, ``Decimal(2) ==\n2`` and ``2 == float(2)`` but ``Decimal(2) != float(2)``.\n\nThe operators ``in`` and ``not in`` test for membership. ``x in s``\nevaluates to true if *x* is a member of *s*, and false otherwise. ``x\nnot in s`` returns the negation of ``x in s``. All built-in sequences\nand set types support this as well as dictionary, for which ``in``\ntests whether a the dictionary has a given key. For container types\nsuch as list, tuple, set, frozenset, dict, or collections.deque, the\nexpression ``x in y`` is equivalent to ``any(x is e or x == e for e in\ny)``.\n\nFor the string and bytes types, ``x in y`` is true if and only if *x*\nis a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is ``y.find(x) != -1``.\nEmpty strings are always considered to be a substring of any other\nstring, so ``"" in "abc"`` will return ``True``.\n\nFor user-defined classes which define the ``__contains__()`` method,\n``x in y`` is true if and only if ``y.__contains__(x)`` is true.\n\nFor user-defined classes which do not define ``__contains__()`` but do\ndefine ``__iter__()``, ``x in y`` is true if some value ``z`` with ``x\n== z`` is produced while iterating over ``y``. If an exception is\nraised during the iteration, it is as if ``in`` raised that exception.\n\nLastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n``__getitem__()``, ``x in y`` is true if and only if there is a non-\nnegative integer index *i* such that ``x == y[i]``, and all lower\ninteger indices do not raise ``IndexError`` exception. (If any other\nexception is raised, it is as if ``in`` raised that exception).\n\nThe operator ``not in`` is defined to have the inverse true value of\n``in``.\n\nThe operators ``is`` and ``is not`` test for object identity: ``x is\ny`` is true if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. ``x is\nnot y`` yields the inverse truth value. [4]\n', 'compound': '\nCompound statements\n*******************\n\nCompound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect\nor control the execution of those other statements in some way. In\ngeneral, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple\nincarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line.\n\nThe ``if``, ``while`` and ``for`` statements implement traditional\ncontrol flow constructs. ``try`` specifies exception handlers and/or\ncleanup code for a group of statements, while the ``with`` statement\nallows the execution of initialization and finalization code around a\nblock of code. Function and class definitions are also syntactically\ncompound statements.\n\nCompound statements consist of one or more \'clauses.\' A clause\nconsists of a header and a \'suite.\' The clause headers of a\nparticular compound statement are all at the same indentation level.\nEach clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends\nwith a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a\nclause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple\nstatements on the same line as the header, following the header\'s\ncolon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent\nlines. Only the latter form of suite can contain nested compound\nstatements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn\'t be\nclear to which ``if`` clause a following ``else`` clause would belong:\n\n if test1: if test2: print(x)\n\nAlso note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this\ncontext, so that in the following example, either all or none of the\n``print()`` calls are executed:\n\n if x < y < z: print(x); print(y); print(z)\n\nSummarizing:\n\n compound_stmt ::= if_stmt\n | while_stmt\n | for_stmt\n | try_stmt\n | with_stmt\n | funcdef\n | classdef\n suite ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT statement+ DEDENT\n statement ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt\n stmt_list ::= simple_stmt (";" simple_stmt)* [";"]\n\nNote that statements always end in a ``NEWLINE`` possibly followed by\na ``DEDENT``. Also note that optional continuation clauses always\nbegin with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no\nambiguities (the \'dangling ``else``\' problem is solved in Python by\nrequiring nested ``if`` statements to be indented).\n\nThe formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places\neach clause on a separate line for clarity.\n\n\nThe ``if`` statement\n====================\n\nThe ``if`` statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section *Boolean operations*\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the ``if`` statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the ``else`` clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n\n\nThe ``while`` statement\n=======================\n\nThe ``while`` statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\nexpression is true:\n\n while_stmt ::= "while" expression ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThis repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the\nfirst suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time\nit is tested) the suite of the ``else`` clause, if present, is\nexecuted and the loop terminates.\n\nA ``break`` statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the ``else`` clause\'s suite. A ``continue``\nstatement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and\ngoes back to testing the expression.\n\n\nThe ``for`` statement\n=====================\n\nThe ``for`` statement is used to iterate over the elements of a\nsequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n\n for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThe expression list is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable\nobject. An iterator is created for the result of the\n``expression_list``. The suite is then executed once for each item\nprovided by the iterator, in the order of ascending indices. Each\nitem in turn is assigned to the target list using the standard rules\nfor assignments (see *Assignment statements*), and then the suite is\nexecuted. When the items are exhausted (which is immediately when the\nsequence is empty or an iterator raises a ``StopIteration``\nexception), the suite in the ``else`` clause, if present, is executed,\nand the loop terminates.\n\nA ``break`` statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the ``else`` clause\'s suite. A ``continue``\nstatement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and\ncontinues with the next item, or with the ``else`` clause if there was\nno next item.\n\nThe suite may assign to the variable(s) in the target list; this does\nnot affect the next item assigned to it.\n\nNames in the target list are not deleted when the loop is finished,\nbut if the sequence is empty, it will not have been assigned to at all\nby the loop. Hint: the built-in function ``range()`` returns an\niterator of integers suitable to emulate the effect of Pascal\'s ``for\ni := a to b do``; e.g., ``list(range(3))`` returns the list ``[0, 1,\n2]``.\n\nNote: There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the loop\n (this can only occur for mutable sequences, i.e. lists). An\n internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next,\n and this is incremented on each iteration. When this counter has\n reached the length of the sequence the loop terminates. This means\n that if the suite deletes the current (or a previous) item from the\n sequence, the next item will be skipped (since it gets the index of\n the current item which has already been treated). Likewise, if the\n suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the\n current item will be treated again the next time through the loop.\n This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a\n temporary copy using a slice of the whole sequence, e.g.,\n\n for x in a[:]:\n if x < 0: a.remove(x)\n\n\nThe ``try`` statement\n=====================\n\nThe ``try`` statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression ["as" target]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nThe ``except`` clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When\nno exception occurs in the ``try`` clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the ``try`` suite, a search for\nan exception handler is started. This search inspects the except\nclauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. An\nexpression-less except clause, if present, must be last; it matches\nany exception. For an except clause with an expression, that\nexpression is evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the\nresulting object is "compatible" with the exception. An object is\ncompatible with an exception if it is the class or a base class of the\nexception object or a tuple containing an item compatible with the\nexception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire ``try`` statement\nraised the exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified after the ``as`` keyword in that except clause,\nif present, and the except clause\'s suite is executed. All except\nclauses must have an executable block. When the end of this block is\nreached, execution continues normally after the entire try statement.\n(This means that if two nested handlers exist for the same exception,\nand the exception occurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the\nouter handler will not handle the exception.)\n\nWhen an exception has been assigned using ``as target``, it is cleared\nat the end of the except clause. This is as if\n\n except E as N:\n foo\n\nwas translated to\n\n except E as N:\n try:\n foo\n finally:\n del N\n\nThis means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be\nable to refer to it after the except clause. Exceptions are cleared\nbecause with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference\ncycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive\nuntil the next garbage collection occurs.\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are stored in the ``sys`` module and can be access via\n``sys.exc_info()``. ``sys.exc_info()`` returns a 3-tuple consisting of\nthe exception class, the exception instance and a traceback object\n(see section *The standard type hierarchy*) identifying the point in\nthe program where the exception occurred. ``sys.exc_info()`` values\nare restored to their previous values (before the call) when returning\nfrom a function that handled an exception.\n\nThe optional ``else`` clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the ``try`` clause. [2] Exceptions in the ``else`` clause\nare not handled by the preceding ``except`` clauses.\n\nIf ``finally`` is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The\n``try`` clause is executed, including any ``except`` and ``else``\nclauses. If an exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not\nhandled, the exception is temporarily saved. The ``finally`` clause is\nexecuted. If there is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end\nof the ``finally`` clause. If the ``finally`` clause raises another\nexception or executes a ``return`` or ``break`` statement, the saved\nexception is lost. The exception information is not available to the\nprogram during execution of the ``finally`` clause.\n\nWhen a ``return``, ``break`` or ``continue`` statement is executed in\nthe ``try`` suite of a ``try``...``finally`` statement, the\n``finally`` clause is also executed \'on the way out.\' A ``continue``\nstatement is illegal in the ``finally`` clause. (The reason is a\nproblem with the current implementation --- this restriction may be\nlifted in the future).\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\n*Exceptions*, and information on using the ``raise`` statement to\ngenerate exceptions may be found in section *The raise statement*.\n\n\nThe ``with`` statement\n======================\n\nThe ``with`` statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\nmethods defined by a context manager (see section *With Statement\nContext Managers*). This allows common\n``try``...``except``...``finally`` usage patterns to be encapsulated\nfor convenient reuse.\n\n with_stmt ::= "with" with_item ("," with_item)* ":" suite\n with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n\nThe execution of the ``with`` statement with one "item" proceeds as\nfollows:\n\n1. The context expression (the expression given in the ``with_item``)\n is evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n\n2. The context manager\'s ``__exit__()`` is loaded for later use.\n\n3. The context manager\'s ``__enter__()`` method is invoked.\n\n4. If a target was included in the ``with`` statement, the return\n value from ``__enter__()`` is assigned to it.\n\n Note: The ``with`` statement guarantees that if the ``__enter__()``\n method returns without an error, then ``__exit__()`` will always\n be called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n within the suite would be. See step 6 below.\n\n5. The suite is executed.\n\n6. The context manager\'s ``__exit__()`` method is invoked. If an\n exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n traceback are passed as arguments to ``__exit__()``. Otherwise,\n three ``None`` arguments are supplied.\n\n If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value\n from the ``__exit__()`` method was false, the exception is\n reraised. If the return value was true, the exception is\n suppressed, and execution continues with the statement following\n the ``with`` statement.\n\n If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the\n return value from ``__exit__()`` is ignored, and execution proceeds\n at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n\nWith more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\nmultiple ``with`` statements were nested:\n\n with A() as a, B() as b:\n suite\n\nis equivalent to\n\n with A() as a:\n with B() as b:\n suite\n\nChanged in version 3.1: Support for multiple context expressions.\n\nSee also:\n\n **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python\n ``with`` statement.\n\n\nFunction definitions\n====================\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*):\n\n funcdef ::= [decorators] "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ["->" expression] ":" suite\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" [parameter] ("," defparameter)*\n [, "**" parameter]\n | "**" parameter\n | defparameter [","] )\n parameter ::= identifier [":" expression]\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more parameters have the form *parameter* ``=``\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding argument may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters up until the "``*``" must also have a default value ---\nthis is a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that that same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use ``None`` as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section\n*Calls*. A function call always assigns values to all parameters\nmentioned in the parameter list, either from position arguments, from\nkeyword arguments, or from default values. If the form\n"``*identifier``" is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving\nany excess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If\nthe form "``**identifier``" is present, it is initialized to a new\ndictionary receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new\nempty dictionary. Parameters after "``*``" or "``*identifier``" are\nkeyword-only parameters and may only be passed used keyword arguments.\n\nParameters may have annotations of the form "``: expression``"\nfollowing the parameter name. Any parameter may have an annotation\neven those of the form ``*identifier`` or ``**identifier``. Functions\nmay have "return" annotation of the form "``-> expression``" after the\nparameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python expression\nand are evaluated when the function definition is executed.\nAnnotations may be evaluated in a different order than they appear in\nthe source code. The presence of annotations does not change the\nsemantics of a function. The annotation values are available as\nvalues of a dictionary keyed by the parameters\' names in the\n``__annotations__`` attribute of the function object.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda forms,\ndescribed in section *Lambdas*. Note that the lambda form is merely a\nshorthand for a simplified function definition; a function defined in\na "``def``" statement can be passed around or assigned to another name\njust like a function defined by a lambda form. The "``def``" form is\nactually more powerful since it allows the execution of multiple\nstatements and annotations.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A "``def``"\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section *Naming and binding* for details.\n\n\nClass definitions\n=================\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section *The standard\ntype hierarchy*):\n\n classdef ::= [decorators] "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [argument_list [","] | comprehension] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance list\nusually gives a list of base classes (see *Customizing class creation*\nfor more advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a\nclass object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance\nlist inherit, by default, from the base class ``object``; hence,\n\n class Foo:\n pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n class Foo(object):\n pass\n\nThe class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see\n*Naming and binding*), using a newly created local namespace and the\noriginal global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly\nfunction definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes execution, its\nexecution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. [4] A\nclass object is then created using the inheritance list for the base\nclasses and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary.\nThe class name is bound to this class object in the original local\nnamespace.\n\nClass creation can be customized heavily using *metaclasses*.\n\nClasses can also be decorated: just like when decorating functions,\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n class Foo: pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n class Foo: pass\n Foo = f1(arg)(f2(Foo))\n\nThe evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same as for\nfunction decorators. The result must be a class object, which is then\nbound to the class name.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance attributes\ncan be set in a method with ``self.name = value``. Both class and\ninstance attributes are accessible through the notation\n"``self.name``", and an instance attribute hides a class attribute\nwith the same name when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be\nused as defaults for instance attributes, but using mutable values\nthere can lead to unexpected results. *Descriptors* can be used to\ncreate instance variables with different implementation details.\n\nSee also:\n\n **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3 **PEP 3129** - Class\n Decorators\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless there\n is a ``finally`` clause which happens to raise another exception.\n That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of an\n exception or the execution of a ``return``, ``continue``, or\n ``break`` statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the function\n body is transformed into the function\'s ``__doc__`` attribute and\n therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s ``__doc__`` item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', @@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ 'try': '\nThe ``try`` statement\n*********************\n\nThe ``try`` statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression ["as" target]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nThe ``except`` clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When\nno exception occurs in the ``try`` clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the ``try`` suite, a search for\nan exception handler is started. This search inspects the except\nclauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. An\nexpression-less except clause, if present, must be last; it matches\nany exception. For an except clause with an expression, that\nexpression is evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the\nresulting object is "compatible" with the exception. An object is\ncompatible with an exception if it is the class or a base class of the\nexception object or a tuple containing an item compatible with the\nexception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire ``try`` statement\nraised the exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified after the ``as`` keyword in that except clause,\nif present, and the except clause\'s suite is executed. All except\nclauses must have an executable block. When the end of this block is\nreached, execution continues normally after the entire try statement.\n(This means that if two nested handlers exist for the same exception,\nand the exception occurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the\nouter handler will not handle the exception.)\n\nWhen an exception has been assigned using ``as target``, it is cleared\nat the end of the except clause. This is as if\n\n except E as N:\n foo\n\nwas translated to\n\n except E as N:\n try:\n foo\n finally:\n del N\n\nThis means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be\nable to refer to it after the except clause. Exceptions are cleared\nbecause with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference\ncycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive\nuntil the next garbage collection occurs.\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are stored in the ``sys`` module and can be access via\n``sys.exc_info()``. ``sys.exc_info()`` returns a 3-tuple consisting of\nthe exception class, the exception instance and a traceback object\n(see section *The standard type hierarchy*) identifying the point in\nthe program where the exception occurred. ``sys.exc_info()`` values\nare restored to their previous values (before the call) when returning\nfrom a function that handled an exception.\n\nThe optional ``else`` clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the ``try`` clause. [2] Exceptions in the ``else`` clause\nare not handled by the preceding ``except`` clauses.\n\nIf ``finally`` is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The\n``try`` clause is executed, including any ``except`` and ``else``\nclauses. If an exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not\nhandled, the exception is temporarily saved. The ``finally`` clause is\nexecuted. If there is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end\nof the ``finally`` clause. If the ``finally`` clause raises another\nexception or executes a ``return`` or ``break`` statement, the saved\nexception is lost. The exception information is not available to the\nprogram during execution of the ``finally`` clause.\n\nWhen a ``return``, ``break`` or ``continue`` statement is executed in\nthe ``try`` suite of a ``try``...``finally`` statement, the\n``finally`` clause is also executed \'on the way out.\' A ``continue``\nstatement is illegal in the ``finally`` clause. (The reason is a\nproblem with the current implementation --- this restriction may be\nlifted in the future).\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\n*Exceptions*, and information on using the ``raise`` statement to\ngenerate exceptions may be found in section *The raise statement*.\n', 'types': '\nThe standard type hierarchy\n***************************\n\nBelow is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension\nmodules (written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the\nimplementation) can define additional types. Future versions of\nPython may add types to the type hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers,\nefficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.), although such additions\nwill often be provided via the standard library instead.\n\nSome of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing\n\'special attributes.\' These are attributes that provide access to the\nimplementation and are not intended for general use. Their definition\nmay change in the future.\n\nNone\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name ``None``.\n It is used to signify the absence of a value in many situations,\n e.g., it is returned from functions that don\'t explicitly return\n anything. Its truth value is false.\n\nNotImplemented\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n ``NotImplemented``. Numeric methods and rich comparison methods may\n return this value if they do not implement the operation for the\n operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the reflected\n operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) Its\n truth value is true.\n\nEllipsis\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the literal ``...`` or the\n built-in name ``Ellipsis``. Its truth value is true.\n\n``numbers.Number``\n These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by\n arithmetic operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric\n objects are immutable; once created their value never changes.\n Python numbers are of course strongly related to mathematical\n numbers, but subject to the limitations of numerical representation\n in computers.\n\n Python distinguishes between integers, floating point numbers, and\n complex numbers:\n\n ``numbers.Integral``\n These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers\n (positive and negative).\n\n There are two types of integers:\n\n Integers (``int``)\n\n These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to\n available (virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift\n and mask operations, a binary representation is assumed, and\n negative numbers are represented in a variant of 2\'s\n complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of\n sign bits extending to the left.\n\n Booleans (``bool``)\n These represent the truth values False and True. The two\n objects representing the values False and True are the only\n Boolean objects. The Boolean type is a subtype of the integer\n type, and Boolean values behave like the values 0 and 1,\n respectively, in almost all contexts, the exception being\n that when converted to a string, the strings ``"False"`` or\n ``"True"`` are returned, respectively.\n\n The rules for integer representation are intended to give the\n most meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations\n involving negative integers.\n\n ``numbers.Real`` (``float``)\n These represent machine-level double precision floating point\n numbers. You are at the mercy of the underlying machine\n architecture (and C or Java implementation) for the accepted\n range and handling of overflow. Python does not support single-\n precision floating point numbers; the savings in processor and\n memory usage that are usually the reason for using these is\n dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is\n no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of floating\n point numbers.\n\n ``numbers.Complex`` (``complex``)\n These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level\n double precision floating point numbers. The same caveats apply\n as for floating point numbers. The real and imaginary parts of a\n complex number ``z`` can be retrieved through the read-only\n attributes ``z.real`` and ``z.imag``.\n\nSequences\n These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative\n numbers. The built-in function ``len()`` returns the number of\n items of a sequence. When the length of a sequence is *n*, the\n index set contains the numbers 0, 1, ..., *n*-1. Item *i* of\n sequence *a* is selected by ``a[i]``.\n\n Sequences also support slicing: ``a[i:j]`` selects all items with\n index *k* such that *i* ``<=`` *k* ``<`` *j*. When used as an\n expression, a slice is a sequence of the same type. This implies\n that the index set is renumbered so that it starts at 0.\n\n Some sequences also support "extended slicing" with a third "step"\n parameter: ``a[i:j:k]`` selects all items of *a* with index *x*\n where ``x = i + n*k``, *n* ``>=`` ``0`` and *i* ``<=`` *x* ``<``\n *j*.\n\n Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:\n\n Immutable sequences\n An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is\n created. (If the object contains references to other objects,\n these other objects may be mutable and may be changed; however,\n the collection of objects directly referenced by an immutable\n object cannot change.)\n\n The following types are immutable sequences:\n\n Strings\n The items of a string object are Unicode code units. A\n Unicode code unit is represented by a string object of one\n item and can hold either a 16-bit or 32-bit value\n representing a Unicode ordinal (the maximum value for the\n ordinal is given in ``sys.maxunicode``, and depends on how\n Python is configured at compile time). Surrogate pairs may\n be present in the Unicode object, and will be reported as two\n separate items. The built-in functions ``chr()`` and\n ``ord()`` convert between code units and nonnegative integers\n representing the Unicode ordinals as defined in the Unicode\n Standard 3.0. Conversion from and to other encodings are\n possible through the string method ``encode()``.\n\n Tuples\n The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of\n two or more items are formed by comma-separated lists of\n expressions. A tuple of one item (a \'singleton\') can be\n formed by affixing a comma to an expression (an expression by\n itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be\n usable for grouping of expressions). An empty tuple can be\n formed by an empty pair of parentheses.\n\n Bytes\n A bytes object is an immutable array. The items are 8-bit\n bytes, represented by integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.\n Bytes literals (like ``b\'abc\'`` and the built-in function\n ``bytes()`` can be used to construct bytes objects. Also,\n bytes objects can be decoded to strings via the ``decode()``\n method.\n\n Mutable sequences\n Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The\n subscription and slicing notations can be used as the target of\n assignment and ``del`` (delete) statements.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic mutable sequence types:\n\n Lists\n The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are\n formed by placing a comma-separated list of expressions in\n square brackets. (Note that there are no special cases needed\n to form lists of length 0 or 1.)\n\n Byte Arrays\n A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by\n the built-in ``bytearray()`` constructor. Aside from being\n mutable (and hence unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide\n the same interface and functionality as immutable bytes\n objects.\n\n The extension module ``array`` provides an additional example of\n a mutable sequence type, as does the ``collections`` module.\n\nSet types\n These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable\n objects. As such, they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However,\n they can be iterated over, and the built-in function ``len()``\n returns the number of items in a set. Common uses for sets are fast\n membership testing, removing duplicates from a sequence, and\n computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union,\n difference, and symmetric difference.\n\n For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for\n dictionary keys. Note that numeric types obey the normal rules for\n numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., ``1`` and\n ``1.0``), only one of them can be contained in a set.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic set types:\n\n Sets\n These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in\n ``set()`` constructor and can be modified afterwards by several\n methods, such as ``add()``.\n\n Frozen sets\n These represent an immutable set. They are created by the\n built-in ``frozenset()`` constructor. As a frozenset is\n immutable and *hashable*, it can be used again as an element of\n another set, or as a dictionary key.\n\nMappings\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index\n sets. The subscript notation ``a[k]`` selects the item indexed by\n ``k`` from the mapping ``a``; this can be used in expressions and\n as the target of assignments or ``del`` statements. The built-in\n function ``len()`` returns the number of items in a mapping.\n\n There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type:\n\n Dictionaries\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly\n arbitrary values. The only types of values not acceptable as\n keys are values containing lists or dictionaries or other\n mutable types that are compared by value rather than by object\n identity, the reason being that the efficient implementation of\n dictionaries requires a key\'s hash value to remain constant.\n Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric\n comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., ``1`` and\n ``1.0``) then they can be used interchangeably to index the same\n dictionary entry.\n\n Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the ``{...}``\n notation (see section *Dictionary displays*).\n\n The extension modules ``dbm.ndbm`` and ``dbm.gnu`` provide\n additional examples of mapping types, as does the\n ``collections`` module.\n\nCallable types\n These are the types to which the function call operation (see\n section *Calls*) can be applied:\n\n User-defined functions\n A user-defined function object is created by a function\n definition (see section *Function definitions*). It should be\n called with an argument list containing the same number of items\n as the function\'s formal parameter list.\n\n Special attributes:\n\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | Attribute | Meaning | |\n +===========================+=================================+=============+\n | ``__doc__`` | The function\'s documentation | Writable |\n | | string, or ``None`` if | |\n | | unavailable | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__name__`` | The function\'s name | Writable |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__module__`` | The name of the module the | Writable |\n | | function was defined in, or | |\n | | ``None`` if unavailable. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__defaults__`` | A tuple containing default | Writable |\n | | argument values for those | |\n | | arguments that have defaults, | |\n | | or ``None`` if no arguments | |\n | | have a default value | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__code__`` | The code object representing | Writable |\n | | the compiled function body. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__globals__`` | A reference to the dictionary | Read-only |\n | | that holds the function\'s | |\n | | global variables --- the global | |\n | | namespace of the module in | |\n | | which the function was defined. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__dict__`` | The namespace supporting | Writable |\n | | arbitrary function attributes. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__closure__`` | ``None`` or a tuple of cells | Read-only |\n | | that contain bindings for the | |\n | | function\'s free variables. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__annotations__`` | A dict containing annotations | Writable |\n | | of parameters. The keys of the | |\n | | dict are the parameter names, | |\n | | or ``\'return\'`` for the return | |\n | | annotation, if provided. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | ``__kwdefaults__`` | A dict containing defaults for | Writable |\n | | keyword-only parameters. | |\n +---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n\n Most of the attributes labelled "Writable" check the type of the\n assigned value.\n\n Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary\n attributes, which can be used, for example, to attach metadata\n to functions. Regular attribute dot-notation is used to get and\n set such attributes. *Note that the current implementation only\n supports function attributes on user-defined functions. Function\n attributes on built-in functions may be supported in the\n future.*\n\n Additional information about a function\'s definition can be\n retrieved from its code object; see the description of internal\n types below.\n\n Instance methods\n An instance method object combines a class, a class instance and\n any callable object (normally a user-defined function).\n\n Special read-only attributes: ``__self__`` is the class instance\n object, ``__func__`` is the function object; ``__doc__`` is the\n method\'s documentation (same as ``__func__.__doc__``);\n ``__name__`` is the method name (same as ``__func__.__name__``);\n ``__module__`` is the name of the module the method was defined\n in, or ``None`` if unavailable.\n\n Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary\n function attributes on the underlying function object.\n\n User-defined method objects may be created when getting an\n attribute of a class (perhaps via an instance of that class), if\n that attribute is a user-defined function object or a class\n method object.\n\n When an instance method object is created by retrieving a user-\n defined function object from a class via one of its instances,\n its ``__self__`` attribute is the instance, and the method\n object is said to be bound. The new method\'s ``__func__``\n attribute is the original function object.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving\n another method object from a class or instance, the behaviour is\n the same as for a function object, except that the ``__func__``\n attribute of the new instance is not the original method object\n but its ``__func__`` attribute.\n\n When an instance method object is created by retrieving a class\n method object from a class or instance, its ``__self__``\n attribute is the class itself, and its ``__func__`` attribute is\n the function object underlying the class method.\n\n When an instance method object is called, the underlying\n function (``__func__``) is called, inserting the class instance\n (``__self__``) in front of the argument list. For instance,\n when ``C`` is a class which contains a definition for a function\n ``f()``, and ``x`` is an instance of ``C``, calling ``x.f(1)``\n is equivalent to calling ``C.f(x, 1)``.\n\n When an instance method object is derived from a class method\n object, the "class instance" stored in ``__self__`` will\n actually be the class itself, so that calling either ``x.f(1)``\n or ``C.f(1)`` is equivalent to calling ``f(C,1)`` where ``f`` is\n the underlying function.\n\n Note that the transformation from function object to instance\n method object happens each time the attribute is retrieved from\n the instance. In some cases, a fruitful optimization is to\n assign the attribute to a local variable and call that local\n variable. Also notice that this transformation only happens for\n user-defined functions; other callable objects (and all non-\n callable objects) are retrieved without transformation. It is\n also important to note that user-defined functions which are\n attributes of a class instance are not converted to bound\n methods; this *only* happens when the function is an attribute\n of the class.\n\n Generator functions\n A function or method which uses the ``yield`` statement (see\n section *The yield statement*) is called a *generator function*.\n Such a function, when called, always returns an iterator object\n which can be used to execute the body of the function: calling\n the iterator\'s ``__next__()`` method will cause the function to\n execute until it provides a value using the ``yield`` statement.\n When the function executes a ``return`` statement or falls off\n the end, a ``StopIteration`` exception is raised and the\n iterator will have reached the end of the set of values to be\n returned.\n\n Built-in functions\n A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function.\n Examples of built-in functions are ``len()`` and ``math.sin()``\n (``math`` is a standard built-in module). The number and type of\n the arguments are determined by the C function. Special read-\n only attributes: ``__doc__`` is the function\'s documentation\n string, or ``None`` if unavailable; ``__name__`` is the\n function\'s name; ``__self__`` is set to ``None`` (but see the\n next item); ``__module__`` is the name of the module the\n function was defined in or ``None`` if unavailable.\n\n Built-in methods\n This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this\n time containing an object passed to the C function as an\n implicit extra argument. An example of a built-in method is\n ``alist.append()``, assuming *alist* is a list object. In this\n case, the special read-only attribute ``__self__`` is set to the\n object denoted by *alist*.\n\n Classes\n Classes are callable. These objects normally act as factories\n for new instances of themselves, but variations are possible for\n class types that override ``__new__()``. The arguments of the\n call are passed to ``__new__()`` and, in the typical case, to\n ``__init__()`` to initialize the new instance.\n\n Class Instances\n Instances of arbitrary classes can be made callable by defining\n a ``__call__()`` method in their class.\n\nModules\n Modules are imported by the ``import`` statement (see section *The\n import statement*). A module object has a namespace implemented by\n a dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced by the\n __globals__ attribute of functions defined in the module).\n Attribute references are translated to lookups in this dictionary,\n e.g., ``m.x`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"]``. A module object\n does not contain the code object used to initialize the module\n (since it isn\'t needed once the initialization is done).\n\n Attribute assignment updates the module\'s namespace dictionary,\n e.g., ``m.x = 1`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"] = 1``.\n\n Special read-only attribute: ``__dict__`` is the module\'s namespace\n as a dictionary object.\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** Because of the way CPython\n clears module dictionaries, the module dictionary will be cleared\n when the module falls out of scope even if the dictionary still has\n live references. To avoid this, copy the dictionary or keep the\n module around while using its dictionary directly.\n\n Predefined (writable) attributes: ``__name__`` is the module\'s\n name; ``__doc__`` is the module\'s documentation string, or ``None``\n if unavailable; ``__file__`` is the pathname of the file from which\n the module was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The\n ``__file__`` attribute is not present for C modules that are\n statically linked into the interpreter; for extension modules\n loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname of the\n shared library file.\n\nCustom classes\n Custom class types are typically created by class definitions (see\n section *Class definitions*). A class has a namespace implemented\n by a dictionary object. Class attribute references are translated\n to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., ``C.x`` is translated to\n ``C.__dict__["x"]`` (although there are a number of hooks which\n allow for other means of locating attributes). When the attribute\n name is not found there, the attribute search continues in the base\n classes. This search of the base classes uses the C3 method\n resolution order which behaves correctly even in the presence of\n \'diamond\' inheritance structures where there are multiple\n inheritance paths leading back to a common ancestor. Additional\n details on the C3 MRO used by Python can be found in the\n documentation accompanying the 2.3 release at\n http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/.\n\n When a class attribute reference (for class ``C``, say) would yield\n a class method object, it is transformed into an instance method\n object whose ``__self__`` attributes is ``C``. When it would yield\n a static method object, it is transformed into the object wrapped\n by the static method object. See section *Implementing Descriptors*\n for another way in which attributes retrieved from a class may\n differ from those actually contained in its ``__dict__``.\n\n Class attribute assignments update the class\'s dictionary, never\n the dictionary of a base class.\n\n A class object can be called (see above) to yield a class instance\n (see below).\n\n Special attributes: ``__name__`` is the class name; ``__module__``\n is the module name in which the class was defined; ``__dict__`` is\n the dictionary containing the class\'s namespace; ``__bases__`` is a\n tuple (possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes,\n in the order of their occurrence in the base class list;\n ``__doc__`` is the class\'s documentation string, or None if\n undefined.\n\nClass instances\n A class instance is created by calling a class object (see above).\n A class instance has a namespace implemented as a dictionary which\n is the first place in which attribute references are searched.\n When an attribute is not found there, and the instance\'s class has\n an attribute by that name, the search continues with the class\n attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined\n function object, it is transformed into an instance method object\n whose ``__self__`` attribute is the instance. Static method and\n class method objects are also transformed; see above under\n "Classes". See section *Implementing Descriptors* for another way\n in which attributes of a class retrieved via its instances may\n differ from the objects actually stored in the class\'s\n ``__dict__``. If no class attribute is found, and the object\'s\n class has a ``__getattr__()`` method, that is called to satisfy the\n lookup.\n\n Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance\'s\n dictionary, never a class\'s dictionary. If the class has a\n ``__setattr__()`` or ``__delattr__()`` method, this is called\n instead of updating the instance dictionary directly.\n\n Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, or mappings\n if they have methods with certain special names. See section\n *Special method names*.\n\n Special attributes: ``__dict__`` is the attribute dictionary;\n ``__class__`` is the instance\'s class.\n\nI/O objects (also known as file objects)\n A *file object* represents an open file. Various shortcuts are\n available to create file objects: the ``open()`` built-in function,\n and also ``os.popen()``, ``os.fdopen()``, and the ``makefile()``\n method of socket objects (and perhaps by other functions or methods\n provided by extension modules).\n\n The objects ``sys.stdin``, ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr`` are\n initialized to file objects corresponding to the interpreter\'s\n standard input, output and error streams; they are all open in text\n mode and therefore follow the interface defined by the\n ``io.TextIOBase`` abstract class.\n\nInternal types\n A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the\n user. Their definitions may change with future versions of the\n interpreter, but they are mentioned here for completeness.\n\n Code objects\n Code objects represent *byte-compiled* executable Python code,\n or *bytecode*. The difference between a code object and a\n function object is that the function object contains an explicit\n reference to the function\'s globals (the module in which it was\n defined), while a code object contains no context; also the\n default argument values are stored in the function object, not\n in the code object (because they represent values calculated at\n run-time). Unlike function objects, code objects are immutable\n and contain no references (directly or indirectly) to mutable\n objects.\n\n Special read-only attributes: ``co_name`` gives the function\n name; ``co_argcount`` is the number of positional arguments\n (including arguments with default values); ``co_nlocals`` is the\n number of local variables used by the function (including\n arguments); ``co_varnames`` is a tuple containing the names of\n the local variables (starting with the argument names);\n ``co_cellvars`` is a tuple containing the names of local\n variables that are referenced by nested functions;\n ``co_freevars`` is a tuple containing the names of free\n variables; ``co_code`` is a string representing the sequence of\n bytecode instructions; ``co_consts`` is a tuple containing the\n literals used by the bytecode; ``co_names`` is a tuple\n containing the names used by the bytecode; ``co_filename`` is\n the filename from which the code was compiled;\n ``co_firstlineno`` is the first line number of the function;\n ``co_lnotab`` is a string encoding the mapping from bytecode\n offsets to line numbers (for details see the source code of the\n interpreter); ``co_stacksize`` is the required stack size\n (including local variables); ``co_flags`` is an integer encoding\n a number of flags for the interpreter.\n\n The following flag bits are defined for ``co_flags``: bit\n ``0x04`` is set if the function uses the ``*arguments`` syntax\n to accept an arbitrary number of positional arguments; bit\n ``0x08`` is set if the function uses the ``**keywords`` syntax\n to accept arbitrary keyword arguments; bit ``0x20`` is set if\n the function is a generator.\n\n Future feature declarations (``from __future__ import\n division``) also use bits in ``co_flags`` to indicate whether a\n code object was compiled with a particular feature enabled: bit\n ``0x2000`` is set if the function was compiled with future\n division enabled; bits ``0x10`` and ``0x1000`` were used in\n earlier versions of Python.\n\n Other bits in ``co_flags`` are reserved for internal use.\n\n If a code object represents a function, the first item in\n ``co_consts`` is the documentation string of the function, or\n ``None`` if undefined.\n\n Frame objects\n Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in\n traceback objects (see below).\n\n Special read-only attributes: ``f_back`` is to the previous\n stack frame (towards the caller), or ``None`` if this is the\n bottom stack frame; ``f_code`` is the code object being executed\n in this frame; ``f_locals`` is the dictionary used to look up\n local variables; ``f_globals`` is used for global variables;\n ``f_builtins`` is used for built-in (intrinsic) names;\n ``f_lasti`` gives the precise instruction (this is an index into\n the bytecode string of the code object).\n\n Special writable attributes: ``f_trace``, if not ``None``, is a\n function called at the start of each source code line (this is\n used by the debugger); ``f_lineno`` is the current line number\n of the frame --- writing to this from within a trace function\n jumps to the given line (only for the bottom-most frame). A\n debugger can implement a Jump command (aka Set Next Statement)\n by writing to f_lineno.\n\n Traceback objects\n Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A\n traceback object is created when an exception occurs. When the\n search for an exception handler unwinds the execution stack, at\n each unwound level a traceback object is inserted in front of\n the current traceback. When an exception handler is entered,\n the stack trace is made available to the program. (See section\n *The try statement*.) It is accessible as the third item of the\n tuple returned by ``sys.exc_info()``. When the program contains\n no suitable handler, the stack trace is written (nicely\n formatted) to the standard error stream; if the interpreter is\n interactive, it is also made available to the user as\n ``sys.last_traceback``.\n\n Special read-only attributes: ``tb_next`` is the next level in\n the stack trace (towards the frame where the exception\n occurred), or ``None`` if there is no next level; ``tb_frame``\n points to the execution frame of the current level;\n ``tb_lineno`` gives the line number where the exception\n occurred; ``tb_lasti`` indicates the precise instruction. The\n line number and last instruction in the traceback may differ\n from the line number of its frame object if the exception\n occurred in a ``try`` statement with no matching except clause\n or with a finally clause.\n\n Slice objects\n Slice objects are used to represent slices for ``__getitem__()``\n methods. They are also created by the built-in ``slice()``\n function.\n\n Special read-only attributes: ``start`` is the lower bound;\n ``stop`` is the upper bound; ``step`` is the step value; each is\n ``None`` if omitted. These attributes can have any type.\n\n Slice objects support one method:\n\n slice.indices(self, length)\n\n This method takes a single integer argument *length* and\n computes information about the slice that the slice object\n would describe if applied to a sequence of *length* items.\n It returns a tuple of three integers; respectively these are\n the *start* and *stop* indices and the *step* or stride\n length of the slice. Missing or out-of-bounds indices are\n handled in a manner consistent with regular slices.\n\n Static method objects\n Static method objects provide a way of defeating the\n transformation of function objects to method objects described\n above. A static method object is a wrapper around any other\n object, usually a user-defined method object. When a static\n method object is retrieved from a class or a class instance, the\n object actually returned is the wrapped object, which is not\n subject to any further transformation. Static method objects are\n not themselves callable, although the objects they wrap usually\n are. Static method objects are created by the built-in\n ``staticmethod()`` constructor.\n\n Class method objects\n A class method object, like a static method object, is a wrapper\n around another object that alters the way in which that object\n is retrieved from classes and class instances. The behaviour of\n class method objects upon such retrieval is described above,\n under "User-defined methods". Class method objects are created\n by the built-in ``classmethod()`` constructor.\n', 'typesfunctions': '\nFunctions\n*********\n\nFunction objects are created by function definitions. The only\noperation on a function object is to call it: ``func(argument-list)``.\n\nThere are really two flavors of function objects: built-in functions\nand user-defined functions. Both support the same operation (to call\nthe function), but the implementation is different, hence the\ndifferent object types.\n\nSee *Function definitions* for more information.\n', - 'typesmapping': '\nMapping Types --- ``dict``\n**************************\n\nA *mapping* object maps *hashable* values to arbitrary objects.\nMappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one standard\nmapping type, the *dictionary*. (For other containers see the built\nin ``list``, ``set``, and ``tuple`` classes, and the ``collections``\nmodule.)\n\nA dictionary\'s keys are *almost* arbitrary values. Values that are\nnot *hashable*, that is, values containing lists, dictionaries or\nother mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by object\nidentity) may not be used as keys. Numeric types used for keys obey\nthe normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal\n(such as ``1`` and ``1.0``) then they can be used interchangeably to\nindex the same dictionary entry. (Note however, that since computers\nstore floating-point numbers as approximations it is usually unwise to\nuse them as dictionary keys.)\n\nDictionaries can be created by placing a comma-separated list of\n``key: value`` pairs within braces, for example: ``{\'jack\': 4098,\n\'sjoerd\': 4127}`` or ``{4098: \'jack\', 4127: \'sjoerd\'}``, or by the\n``dict`` constructor.\n\nclass class dict([arg])\n\n Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional\n argument or from a set of keyword arguments. If no arguments are\n given, return a new empty dictionary. If the positional argument\n *arg* is a mapping object, return a dictionary mapping the same\n keys to the same values as does the mapping object. Otherwise the\n positional argument must be a sequence, a container that supports\n iteration, or an iterator object. The elements of the argument\n must each also be of one of those kinds, and each must in turn\n contain exactly two objects. The first is used as a key in the new\n dictionary, and the second as the key\'s value. If a given key is\n seen more than once, the last value associated with it is retained\n in the new dictionary.\n\n If keyword arguments are given, the keywords themselves with their\n associated values are added as items to the dictionary. If a key\n is specified both in the positional argument and as a keyword\n argument, the value associated with the keyword is retained in the\n dictionary. For example, these all return a dictionary equal to\n ``{"one": 1, "two": 2}``:\n\n * ``dict(one=1, two=2)``\n\n * ``dict({\'one\': 1, \'two\': 2})``\n\n * ``dict(zip((\'one\', \'two\'), (1, 2)))``\n\n * ``dict([[\'two\', 2], [\'one\', 1]])``\n\n The first example only works for keys that are valid Python\n identifiers; the others work with any valid keys.\n\n These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore,\n custom mapping types should support too):\n\n len(d)\n\n Return the number of items in the dictionary *d*.\n\n d[key]\n\n Return the item of *d* with key *key*. Raises a ``KeyError`` if\n *key* is not in the map.\n\n If a subclass of dict defines a method ``__missing__()``, if the\n key *key* is not present, the ``d[key]`` operation calls that\n method with the key *key* as argument. The ``d[key]`` operation\n then returns or raises whatever is returned or raised by the\n ``__missing__(key)`` call if the key is not present. No other\n operations or methods invoke ``__missing__()``. If\n ``__missing__()`` is not defined, ``KeyError`` is raised.\n ``__missing__()`` must be a method; it cannot be an instance\n variable:\n\n >>> class Counter(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return 0\n >>> c = Counter()\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 0\n >>> c[\'red\'] += 1\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 1\n\n See ``collections.Counter`` for a complete implementation\n including other methods helpful for accumulating and managing\n tallies.\n\n d[key] = value\n\n Set ``d[key]`` to *value*.\n\n del d[key]\n\n Remove ``d[key]`` from *d*. Raises a ``KeyError`` if *key* is\n not in the map.\n\n key in d\n\n Return ``True`` if *d* has a key *key*, else ``False``.\n\n key not in d\n\n Equivalent to ``not key in d``.\n\n iter(d)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a\n shortcut for ``iter(d.keys())``.\n\n clear()\n\n Remove all items from the dictionary.\n\n copy()\n\n Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.\n\n classmethod fromkeys(seq[, value])\n\n Create a new dictionary with keys from *seq* and values set to\n *value*.\n\n ``fromkeys()`` is a class method that returns a new dictionary.\n *value* defaults to ``None``.\n\n get(key[, default])\n\n Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the dictionary, else\n *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to ``None``,\n so that this method never raises a ``KeyError``.\n\n items()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s items (``(key, value)``\n pairs). See below for documentation of view objects.\n\n keys()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s keys. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n pop(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, remove it and return its value,\n else return *default*. If *default* is not given and *key* is\n not in the dictionary, a ``KeyError`` is raised.\n\n popitem()\n\n Remove and return an arbitrary ``(key, value)`` pair from the\n dictionary.\n\n ``popitem()`` is useful to destructively iterate over a\n dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary\n is empty, calling ``popitem()`` raises a ``KeyError``.\n\n setdefault(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert\n *key* with a value of *default* and return *default*. *default*\n defaults to ``None``.\n\n update([other])\n\n Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from *other*,\n overwriting existing keys. Return ``None``.\n\n ``update()`` accepts either another dictionary object or an\n iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other iterables of\n length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary\n is then updated with those key/value pairs: ``d.update(red=1,\n blue=2)``.\n\n values()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s values. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n\nDictionary view objects\n=======================\n\nThe objects returned by ``dict.keys()``, ``dict.values()`` and\n``dict.items()`` are *view objects*. They provide a dynamic view on\nthe dictionary\'s entries, which means that when the dictionary\nchanges, the view reflects these changes.\n\nDictionary views can be iterated over to yield their respective data,\nand support membership tests:\n\nlen(dictview)\n\n Return the number of entries in the dictionary.\n\niter(dictview)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys, values or items (represented as\n tuples of ``(key, value)``) in the dictionary.\n\n Keys and values are iterated over in an arbitrary order which is\n non-random, varies across Python implementations, and depends on\n the dictionary\'s history of insertions and deletions. If keys,\n values and items views are iterated over with no intervening\n modifications to the dictionary, the order of items will directly\n correspond. This allows the creation of ``(value, key)`` pairs\n using ``zip()``: ``pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())``. Another\n way to create the same list is ``pairs = [(v, k) for (k, v) in\n d.items()]``.\n\n Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the dictionary\n may raise a ``RuntimeError`` or fail to iterate over all entries.\n\nx in dictview\n\n Return ``True`` if *x* is in the underlying dictionary\'s keys,\n values or items (in the latter case, *x* should be a ``(key,\n value)`` tuple).\n\nKeys views are set-like since their entries are unique and hashable.\nIf all values are hashable, so that ``(key, value)`` pairs are unique\nand hashable, then the items view is also set-like. (Values views are\nnot treated as set-like since the entries are generally not unique.)\nFor set-like views, all of the operations defined for the abstract\nbase class ``collections.Set`` are available (for example, ``==``,\n``<``, or ``^``).\n\nAn example of dictionary view usage:\n\n >>> dishes = {\'eggs\': 2, \'sausage\': 1, \'bacon\': 1, \'spam\': 500}\n >>> keys = dishes.keys()\n >>> values = dishes.values()\n\n >>> # iteration\n >>> n = 0\n >>> for val in values:\n ... n += val\n >>> print(n)\n 504\n\n >>> # keys and values are iterated over in the same order\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'sausage\', \'spam\']\n >>> list(values)\n [2, 1, 1, 500]\n\n >>> # view objects are dynamic and reflect dict changes\n >>> del dishes[\'eggs\']\n >>> del dishes[\'sausage\']\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'spam\', \'bacon\']\n\n >>> # set operations\n >>> keys & {\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'salad\'}\n {\'bacon\'}\n >>> keys ^ {\'sausage\', \'juice\'}\n {\'juice\', \'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'spam\'}\n', + 'typesmapping': '\nMapping Types --- ``dict``\n**************************\n\nA *mapping* object maps *hashable* values to arbitrary objects.\nMappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one standard\nmapping type, the *dictionary*. (For other containers see the built\nin ``list``, ``set``, and ``tuple`` classes, and the ``collections``\nmodule.)\n\nA dictionary\'s keys are *almost* arbitrary values. Values that are\nnot *hashable*, that is, values containing lists, dictionaries or\nother mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by object\nidentity) may not be used as keys. Numeric types used for keys obey\nthe normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal\n(such as ``1`` and ``1.0``) then they can be used interchangeably to\nindex the same dictionary entry. (Note however, that since computers\nstore floating-point numbers as approximations it is usually unwise to\nuse them as dictionary keys.)\n\nDictionaries can be created by placing a comma-separated list of\n``key: value`` pairs within braces, for example: ``{\'jack\': 4098,\n\'sjoerd\': 4127}`` or ``{4098: \'jack\', 4127: \'sjoerd\'}``, or by the\n``dict`` constructor.\n\nclass class dict([arg])\n\n Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional\n argument or from a set of keyword arguments. If no arguments are\n given, return a new empty dictionary. If the positional argument\n *arg* is a mapping object, return a dictionary mapping the same\n keys to the same values as does the mapping object. Otherwise the\n positional argument must be a sequence, a container that supports\n iteration, or an iterator object. The elements of the argument\n must each also be of one of those kinds, and each must in turn\n contain exactly two objects. The first is used as a key in the new\n dictionary, and the second as the key\'s value. If a given key is\n seen more than once, the last value associated with it is retained\n in the new dictionary.\n\n If keyword arguments are given, the keywords themselves with their\n associated values are added as items to the dictionary. If a key\n is specified both in the positional argument and as a keyword\n argument, the value associated with the keyword is retained in the\n dictionary. For example, these all return a dictionary equal to\n ``{"one": 1, "two": 2}``:\n\n * ``dict(one=1, two=2)``\n\n * ``dict({\'one\': 1, \'two\': 2})``\n\n * ``dict(zip((\'one\', \'two\'), (1, 2)))``\n\n * ``dict([[\'two\', 2], [\'one\', 1]])``\n\n The first example only works for keys that are valid Python\n identifiers; the others work with any valid keys.\n\n These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore,\n custom mapping types should support too):\n\n len(d)\n\n Return the number of items in the dictionary *d*.\n\n d[key]\n\n Return the item of *d* with key *key*. Raises a ``KeyError`` if\n *key* is not in the map.\n\n If a subclass of dict defines a method ``__missing__()``, if the\n key *key* is not present, the ``d[key]`` operation calls that\n method with the key *key* as argument. The ``d[key]`` operation\n then returns or raises whatever is returned or raised by the\n ``__missing__(key)`` call if the key is not present. No other\n operations or methods invoke ``__missing__()``. If\n ``__missing__()`` is not defined, ``KeyError`` is raised.\n ``__missing__()`` must be a method; it cannot be an instance\n variable:\n\n >>> class Counter(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return 0\n >>> c = Counter()\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 0\n >>> c[\'red\'] += 1\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 1\n\n See ``collections.Counter`` for a complete implementation\n including other methods helpful for accumulating and managing\n tallies.\n\n d[key] = value\n\n Set ``d[key]`` to *value*.\n\n del d[key]\n\n Remove ``d[key]`` from *d*. Raises a ``KeyError`` if *key* is\n not in the map.\n\n key in d\n\n Return ``True`` if *d* has a key *key*, else ``False``.\n\n key not in d\n\n Equivalent to ``not key in d``.\n\n iter(d)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a\n shortcut for ``iter(d.keys())``.\n\n clear()\n\n Remove all items from the dictionary.\n\n copy()\n\n Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.\n\n classmethod fromkeys(seq[, value])\n\n Create a new dictionary with keys from *seq* and values set to\n *value*.\n\n ``fromkeys()`` is a class method that returns a new dictionary.\n *value* defaults to ``None``.\n\n get(key[, default])\n\n Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the dictionary, else\n *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to ``None``,\n so that this method never raises a ``KeyError``.\n\n items()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s items (``(key, value)``\n pairs). See below for documentation of view objects.\n\n keys()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s keys. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n pop(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, remove it and return its value,\n else return *default*. If *default* is not given and *key* is\n not in the dictionary, a ``KeyError`` is raised.\n\n popitem()\n\n Remove and return an arbitrary ``(key, value)`` pair from the\n dictionary.\n\n ``popitem()`` is useful to destructively iterate over a\n dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary\n is empty, calling ``popitem()`` raises a ``KeyError``.\n\n setdefault(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert\n *key* with a value of *default* and return *default*. *default*\n defaults to ``None``.\n\n update([other])\n\n Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from *other*,\n overwriting existing keys. Return ``None``.\n\n ``update()`` accepts either another dictionary object or an\n iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other iterables of\n length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary\n is then updated with those key/value pairs: ``d.update(red=1,\n blue=2)``.\n\n values()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s values. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n\nDictionary view objects\n=======================\n\nThe objects returned by ``dict.keys()``, ``dict.values()`` and\n``dict.items()`` are *view objects*. They provide a dynamic view on\nthe dictionary\'s entries, which means that when the dictionary\nchanges, the view reflects these changes.\n\nDictionary views can be iterated over to yield their respective data,\nand support membership tests:\n\nlen(dictview)\n\n Return the number of entries in the dictionary.\n\niter(dictview)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys, values or items (represented as\n tuples of ``(key, value)``) in the dictionary.\n\n Keys and values are iterated over in an arbitrary order which is\n non-random, varies across Python implementations, and depends on\n the dictionary\'s history of insertions and deletions. If keys,\n values and items views are iterated over with no intervening\n modifications to the dictionary, the order of items will directly\n correspond. This allows the creation of ``(value, key)`` pairs\n using ``zip()``: ``pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())``. Another\n way to create the same list is ``pairs = [(v, k) for (k, v) in\n d.items()]``.\n\n Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the dictionary\n may raise a ``RuntimeError`` or fail to iterate over all entries.\n\nx in dictview\n\n Return ``True`` if *x* is in the underlying dictionary\'s keys,\n values or items (in the latter case, *x* should be a ``(key,\n value)`` tuple).\n\nKeys views are set-like since their entries are unique and hashable.\nIf all values are hashable, so that ``(key, value)`` pairs are unique\nand hashable, then the items view is also set-like. (Values views are\nnot treated as set-like since the entries are generally not unique.)\nFor set-like views, all of the operations defined for the abstract\nbase class ``collections.Set`` are available (for example, ``==``,\n``<``, or ``^``).\n\nAn example of dictionary view usage:\n\n >>> dishes = {\'eggs\': 2, \'sausage\': 1, \'bacon\': 1, \'spam\': 500}\n >>> keys = dishes.keys()\n >>> values = dishes.values()\n\n >>> # iteration\n >>> n = 0\n >>> for val in values:\n ... n += val\n >>> print(n)\n 504\n\n >>> # keys and values are iterated over in the same order\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'sausage\', \'spam\']\n >>> list(values)\n [2, 1, 1, 500]\n\n >>> # view objects are dynamic and reflect dict changes\n >>> del dishes[\'eggs\']\n >>> del dishes[\'sausage\']\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'spam\', \'bacon\']\n\n >>> # set operations\n >>> keys & {\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'salad\'}\n {\'bacon\'}\n >>> keys ^ {\'sausage\', \'juice\'}\n {\'juice\', \'sausage\', \'bacon\', \'spam\'}\n', 'typesmethods': "\nMethods\n*******\n\nMethods are functions that are called using the attribute notation.\nThere are two flavors: built-in methods (such as ``append()`` on\nlists) and class instance methods. Built-in methods are described\nwith the types that support them.\n\nIf you access a method (a function defined in a class namespace)\nthrough an instance, you get a special object: a *bound method* (also\ncalled *instance method*) object. When called, it will add the\n``self`` argument to the argument list. Bound methods have two\nspecial read-only attributes: ``m.__self__`` is the object on which\nthe method operates, and ``m.__func__`` is the function implementing\nthe method. Calling ``m(arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)`` is completely\nequivalent to calling ``m.__func__(m.__self__, arg-1, arg-2, ...,\narg-n)``.\n\nLike function objects, bound method objects support getting arbitrary\nattributes. However, since method attributes are actually stored on\nthe underlying function object (``meth.__func__``), setting method\nattributes on bound methods is disallowed. Attempting to set a method\nattribute results in a ``TypeError`` being raised. In order to set a\nmethod attribute, you need to explicitly set it on the underlying\nfunction object:\n\n class C:\n def method(self):\n pass\n\n c = C()\n c.method.__func__.whoami = 'my name is c'\n\nSee *The standard type hierarchy* for more information.\n", - 'typesmodules': "\nModules\n*******\n\nThe only special operation on a module is attribute access:\n``m.name``, where *m* is a module and *name* accesses a name defined\nin *m*'s symbol table. Module attributes can be assigned to. (Note\nthat the ``import`` statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation\non a module object; ``import foo`` does not require a module object\nnamed *foo* to exist, rather it requires an (external) *definition*\nfor a module named *foo* somewhere.)\n\nA special member of every module is ``__dict__``. This is the\ndictionary containing the module's symbol table. Modifying this\ndictionary will actually change the module's symbol table, but direct\nassignment to the ``__dict__`` attribute is not possible (you can\nwrite ``m.__dict__['a'] = 1``, which defines ``m.a`` to be ``1``, but\nyou can't write ``m.__dict__ = {}``). Modifying ``__dict__`` directly\nis not recommended.\n\nModules built into the interpreter are written like this: ````. If loaded from a file, they are written as\n````.\n", - 'typesseq': '\nSequence Types --- ``str``, ``bytes``, ``bytearray``, ``list``, ``tuple``, ``range``\n************************************************************************************\n\nThere are six sequence types: strings, byte sequences (``bytes``\nobjects), byte arrays (``bytearray`` objects), lists, tuples, and\nrange objects. For other containers see the built in ``dict`` and\n``set`` classes, and the ``collections`` module.\n\nStrings contain Unicode characters. Their literals are written in\nsingle or double quotes: ``\'xyzzy\'``, ``"frobozz"``. See *String and\nBytes literals* for more about string literals. In addition to the\nfunctionality described here, there are also string-specific methods\ndescribed in the *String Methods* section.\n\nBytes and bytearray objects contain single bytes -- the former is\nimmutable while the latter is a mutable sequence. Bytes objects can\nbe constructed the constructor, ``bytes()``, and from literals; use a\n``b`` prefix with normal string syntax: ``b\'xyzzy\'``. To construct\nbyte arrays, use the ``bytearray()`` function.\n\nWhile string objects are sequences of characters (represented by\nstrings of length 1), bytes and bytearray objects are sequences of\n*integers* (between 0 and 255), representing the ASCII value of single\nbytes. That means that for a bytes or bytearray object *b*, ``b[0]``\nwill be an integer, while ``b[0:1]`` will be a bytes or bytearray\nobject of length 1. The representation of bytes objects uses the\nliteral format (``b\'...\'``) since it is generally more useful than\ne.g. ``bytes([50, 19, 100])``. You can always convert a bytes object\ninto a list of integers using ``list(b)``.\n\nAlso, while in previous Python versions, byte strings and Unicode\nstrings could be exchanged for each other rather freely (barring\nencoding issues), strings and bytes are now completely separate\nconcepts. There\'s no implicit en-/decoding if you pass an object of\nthe wrong type. A string always compares unequal to a bytes or\nbytearray object.\n\nLists are constructed with square brackets, separating items with\ncommas: ``[a, b, c]``. Tuples are constructed by the comma operator\n(not within square brackets), with or without enclosing parentheses,\nbut an empty tuple must have the enclosing parentheses, such as ``a,\nb, c`` or ``()``. A single item tuple must have a trailing comma,\nsuch as ``(d,)``.\n\nObjects of type range are created using the ``range()`` function.\nThey don\'t support concatenation or repetition, and using ``min()`` or\n``max()`` on them is inefficient.\n\nMost sequence types support the following operations. The ``in`` and\n``not in`` operations have the same priorities as the comparison\noperations. The ``+`` and ``*`` operations have the same priority as\nthe corresponding numeric operations. [3] Additional methods are\nprovided for *Mutable Sequence Types*.\n\nThis table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority\n(operations in the same box have the same priority). In the table,\n*s* and *t* are sequences of the same type; *n*, *i*, *j* and *k* are\nintegers.\n\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+====================+==================================+============+\n| ``x in s`` | ``True`` if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else ``False`` | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``x not in s`` | ``False`` if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else ``True`` | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s + t`` | the concatenation of *s* and *t* | (6) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s * n, n * s`` | *n* shallow copies of *s* | (2) |\n| | concatenated | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i]`` | *i*\'th item of *s*, origin 0 | (3) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i:j]`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(4) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i:j:k]`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(5) |\n| | with step *k* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``len(s)`` | length of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``min(s)`` | smallest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``max(s)`` | largest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s.index(i)`` | index of the first occurence of | |\n| | *i* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s.count(i)`` | total number of occurences of | |\n| | *i* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n\nSequence types also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and\nlists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding\nelements. This means that to compare equal, every element must\ncompare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have\nthe same length. (For full details see *Comparisons* in the language\nreference.)\n\nNotes:\n\n1. When *s* is a string object, the ``in`` and ``not in`` operations\n act like a substring test.\n\n2. Values of *n* less than ``0`` are treated as ``0`` (which yields an\n empty sequence of the same type as *s*). Note also that the copies\n are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts\n new Python programmers; consider:\n\n >>> lists = [[]] * 3\n >>> lists\n [[], [], []]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [3], [3]]\n\n What has happened is that ``[[]]`` is a one-element list containing\n an empty list, so all three elements of ``[[]] * 3`` are (pointers\n to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of\n ``lists`` modifies this single list. You can create a list of\n different lists this way:\n\n >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists[1].append(5)\n >>> lists[2].append(7)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [5], [7]]\n\n3. If *i* or *j* is negative, the index is relative to the end of the\n string: ``len(s) + i`` or ``len(s) + j`` is substituted. But note\n that ``-0`` is still ``0``.\n\n4. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is defined as the sequence of\n items with index *k* such that ``i <= k < j``. If *i* or *j* is\n greater than ``len(s)``, use ``len(s)``. If *i* is omitted or\n ``None``, use ``0``. If *j* is omitted or ``None``, use\n ``len(s)``. If *i* is greater than or equal to *j*, the slice is\n empty.\n\n5. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* with step *k* is defined as the\n sequence of items with index ``x = i + n*k`` such that ``0 <= n <\n (j-i)/k``. In other words, the indices are ``i``, ``i+k``,\n ``i+2*k``, ``i+3*k`` and so on, stopping when *j* is reached (but\n never including *j*). If *i* or *j* is greater than ``len(s)``,\n use ``len(s)``. If *i* or *j* are omitted or ``None``, they become\n "end" values (which end depends on the sign of *k*). Note, *k*\n cannot be zero. If *k* is ``None``, it is treated like ``1``.\n\n6. **CPython implementation detail:** If *s* and *t* are both strings,\n some Python implementations such as CPython can usually perform an\n in-place optimization for assignments of the form ``s = s + t`` or\n ``s += t``. When applicable, this optimization makes quadratic\n run-time much less likely. This optimization is both version and\n implementation dependent. For performance sensitive code, it is\n preferable to use the ``str.join()`` method which assures\n consistent linear concatenation performance across versions and\n implementations.\n\n\nString Methods\n==============\n\nString objects support the methods listed below.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the *Sequence Types --- str, bytes, bytearray, list,\ntuple, range* section. To output formatted strings, see the *String\nFormatting* section. Also, see the ``re`` module for string functions\nbased on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.encode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\n\n Return an encoded version of the string as a bytes object. Default\n encoding is ``\'utf-8\'``. *errors* may be given to set a different\n error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is ``\'strict\'``,\n meaning that encoding errors raise a ``UnicodeError``. Other\n possible values are ``\'ignore\'``, ``\'replace\'``,\n ``\'xmlcharrefreplace\'``, ``\'backslashreplace\'`` and any other name\n registered via ``codecs.register_error()``, see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n Changed in version 3.1: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return ``True`` if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return ``False``. *suffix* can also be a tuple of\n suffixes to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at\n that position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that\n position.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. The column number is reset to zero after each\n newline occurring in the string. If *tabsize* is not given, a tab\n size of ``8`` characters is assumed. This doesn\'t understand other\n non-printing characters or escape sequences.\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice ``s[start:end]``.\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return ``-1`` if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The ``find()`` method should be used only if you need to know the\n position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not, use\n the ``in`` operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces ``{}``. Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See *Format String Syntax* for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\nstr.format_map(mapping)\n\n Similar to ``str.format(**mapping)``, except that ``mapping`` is\n used directly and not copied to a ``dict`` . This is useful if for\n example ``mapping`` is a dict subclass:\n\n >>> class Default(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return key\n ...\n >>> \'{name} was born in {country}\'.format_map(Default(name=\'Guido\'))\n \'Guido was born in country\'\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like ``find()``, but raise ``ValueError`` when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. A character\n ``c`` is alphanumeric if one of the following returns ``True``:\n ``c.isalpha()``, ``c.isdecimal()``, ``c.isdigit()``, or\n ``c.isnumeric()``.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. Alphabetic\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Letter", i.e., those with general category property\n being one of "Lm", "Lt", "Lu", "Ll", or "Lo". Note that this is\n different from the "Alphabetic" property defined in the Unicode\n Standard.\n\nstr.isdecimal()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are decimal characters\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Decimal\n characters are those from general category "Nd". This category\n includes digit characters, and all characters that that can be used\n to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT\n ZERO.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise. Digits include decimal\n characters and digits that need special handling, such as the\n compatibility superscript digits. Formally, a digit is a character\n that has the property value Numeric_Type=Digit or\n Numeric_Type=Decimal.\n\nstr.isidentifier()\n\n Return true if the string is a valid identifier according to the\n language definition, section *Identifiers and keywords*.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and\n there is at least one cased character, false otherwise. Cased\n characters are those with general category property being one of\n "Lu", "Ll", or "Lt" and lowercase characters are those with general\n category property "Ll".\n\nstr.isnumeric()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are numeric characters,\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Numeric\n characters include digit characters, and all characters that have\n the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION\n ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are those with the\n property value Numeric_Type=Digit, Numeric_Type=Decimal or\n Numeric_Type=Numeric.\n\nstr.isprintable()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are printable or the\n string is empty, false otherwise. Nonprintable characters are\n those characters defined in the Unicode character database as\n "Other" or "Separator", excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is\n considered printable. (Note that printable characters in this\n context are those which should not be escaped when ``repr()`` is\n invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling of strings\n written to ``sys.stdout`` or ``sys.stderr``.)\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Whitespace\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Other" or "Separator" and those with bidirectional\n property being one of "WS", "B", or "S".\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and\n there is at least one cased character, false otherwise. Cased\n characters are those with general category property being one of\n "Lu", "Ll", or "Lt" and uppercase characters are those with general\n category property "Lu".\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. A ``TypeError`` will be raised if there are\n any non-string values in *seq*, including ``bytes`` objects. The\n separator between elements is the string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than\n ``len(s)``.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or ``None``, the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\nstatic str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]])\n\n This static method returns a translation table usable for\n ``str.translate()``.\n\n If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping\n Unicode ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of length 1) to\n Unicode ordinals, strings (of arbitrary lengths) or None.\n Character keys will then be converted to ordinals.\n\n If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length,\n and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped\n to the character at the same position in y. If there is a third\n argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to\n None in the result.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within ``s[start:end]``.\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return ``-1`` on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like ``rfind()`` but raises ``ValueError`` when the substring *sub*\n is not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than\n ``len(s)``.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n ``None``, any whitespace string is a separator. Except for\n splitting from the right, ``rsplit()`` behaves like ``split()``\n which is described in detail below.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or ``None``, the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most ``maxsplit+1``\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified, then there is no limit\n on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n ``\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')`` returns ``[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']``). The *sep*\n argument may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n ``\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']``). Splitting\n an empty string with a specified separator returns ``[\'\']``.\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is ``None``, a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a ``None`` separator returns\n ``[]``.\n\n For example, ``\' 1 2 3 \'.split()`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']``,\n and ``\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2 3 \']``.\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return ``True`` if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise\n return ``False``. *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look\n for. With optional *start*, test string beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that\n position.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or ``None``, the\n *chars* argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars*\n argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its\n values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n s)\n\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\nstr.translate(map)\n\n Return a copy of the *s* where all characters have been mapped\n through the *map* which must be a dictionary of Unicode ordinals\n (integers) to Unicode ordinals, strings or ``None``. Unmapped\n characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to ``None`` are\n deleted.\n\n You can use ``str.maketrans()`` to create a translation map from\n character-to-character mappings in different formats.\n\n Note: An even more flexible approach is to create a custom character\n mapping codec using the ``codecs`` module (see\n ``encodings.cp1251`` for an example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than ``len(s)``.\n\n\nOld String Formatting Operations\n================================\n\nNote: The formatting operations described here are obsolete and may go\n away in future versions of Python. Use the new *String Formatting*\n in new code.\n\nString objects have one unique built-in operation: the ``%`` operator\n(modulo). This is also known as the string *formatting* or\n*interpolation* operator. Given ``format % values`` (where *format* is\na string), ``%`` conversion specifications in *format* are replaced\nwith zero or more elements of *values*. The effect is similar to the\nusing ``sprintf()`` in the C language.\n\nIf *format* requires a single argument, *values* may be a single non-\ntuple object. [4] Otherwise, *values* must be a tuple with exactly\nthe number of items specified by the format string, or a single\nmapping object (for example, a dictionary).\n\nA conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the\nfollowing components, which must occur in this order:\n\n1. The ``\'%\'`` character, which marks the start of the specifier.\n\n2. Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence of\n characters (for example, ``(somename)``).\n\n3. Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some\n conversion types.\n\n4. Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an ``\'*\'``\n (asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of the\n tuple in *values*, and the object to convert comes after the\n minimum field width and optional precision.\n\n5. Precision (optional), given as a ``\'.\'`` (dot) followed by the\n precision. If specified as ``\'*\'`` (an asterisk), the actual width\n is read from the next element of the tuple in *values*, and the\n value to convert comes after the precision.\n\n6. Length modifier (optional).\n\n7. Conversion type.\n\nWhen the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then\nthe formats in the string *must* include a parenthesised mapping key\ninto that dictionary inserted immediately after the ``\'%\'`` character.\nThe mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping.\nFor example:\n\n>>> print(\'%(language)s has %(number)03d quote types.\' %\n... {\'language\': "Python", "number": 2})\nPython has 002 quote types.\n\nIn this case no ``*`` specifiers may occur in a format (since they\nrequire a sequential parameter list).\n\nThe conversion flag characters are:\n\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Flag | Meaning |\n+===========+=======================================================================+\n| ``\'#\'`` | The value conversion will use the "alternate form" (where defined |\n| | below). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'0\'`` | The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'-\'`` | The converted value is left adjusted (overrides the ``\'0\'`` |\n| | conversion if both are given). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\' \'`` | (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty |\n| | string) produced by a signed conversion. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'+\'`` | A sign character (``\'+\'`` or ``\'-\'``) will precede the conversion |\n| | (overrides a "space" flag). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nA length modifier (``h``, ``l``, or ``L``) may be present, but is\nignored as it is not necessary for Python -- so e.g. ``%ld`` is\nidentical to ``%d``.\n\nThe conversion types are:\n\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| Conversion | Meaning | Notes |\n+==============+=======================================================+=========+\n| ``\'d\'`` | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'i\'`` | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'o\'`` | Signed octal value. | (1) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'u\'`` | Obsolete type -- it is identical to ``\'d\'``. | (7) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'x\'`` | Signed hexadecimal (lowercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'X\'`` | Signed hexadecimal (uppercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'e\'`` | Floating point exponential format (lowercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'E\'`` | Floating point exponential format (uppercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'f\'`` | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'F\'`` | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'g\'`` | Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'G\'`` | Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'c\'`` | Single character (accepts integer or single character | |\n| | string). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'r\'`` | String (converts any Python object using ``repr()``). | (5) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'s\'`` | String (converts any Python object using ``str()``). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'%\'`` | No argument is converted, results in a ``\'%\'`` | |\n| | character in the result. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. The alternate form causes a leading zero (``\'0\'``) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n2. The alternate form causes a leading ``\'0x\'`` or ``\'0X\'`` (depending\n on whether the ``\'x\'`` or ``\'X\'`` format was used) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n3. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, even if no digits follow it.\n\n The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal\n point and defaults to 6.\n\n4. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise\n be.\n\n The precision determines the number of significant digits before\n and after the decimal point and defaults to 6.\n\n5. The precision determines the maximal number of characters used.\n\n1. See **PEP 237**.\n\nSince Python strings have an explicit length, ``%s`` conversions do\nnot assume that ``\'\\0\'`` is the end of the string.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: ``%f`` conversions for numbers whose absolute\nvalue is over 1e50 are no longer replaced by ``%g`` conversions.\n\nAdditional string operations are defined in standard modules\n``string`` and ``re``.\n\n\nRange Type\n==========\n\nThe ``range`` type is an immutable sequence which is commonly used for\nlooping. The advantage of the ``range`` type is that an ``range``\nobject will always take the same amount of memory, no matter the size\nof the range it represents.\n\nRange objects have relatively little behavior: they support indexing,\ncontains, iteration, the ``len()`` function, and the following\nmethods:\n\nrange.count(x)\n\n Return the number of *i*\'s for which ``s[i] == x``.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nrange.index(x)\n\n Return the smallest *i* such that ``s[i] == x``. Raises\n ``ValueError`` when *x* is not in the range.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\n\nMutable Sequence Types\n======================\n\nList and bytearray objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object).\n\nNote that while lists allow their items to be of any type, bytearray\nobject "items" are all integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| ``s[i] = x`` | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j] = t`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j]`` | same as ``s[i:j] = []`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j:k] = t`` | the elements of ``s[i:j:k]`` are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j:k]`` | removes the elements of | |\n| | ``s[i:j:k]`` from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.append(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = | |\n| | [x]`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.extend(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = x`` | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.count(x)`` | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | ``s[i] == x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.index(x[, i[, j]])`` | return smallest *k* such that | (3) |\n| | ``s[k] == x`` and ``i <= k < j`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.insert(i, x)`` | same as ``s[i:i] = [x]`` | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.pop([i])`` | same as ``x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (5) |\n| | return x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.remove(x)`` | same as ``del s[s.index(x)]`` | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.reverse()`` | reverses the items of *s* in | (6) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.sort([key[, reverse]])`` | sort the items of *s* in place | (6), (7), (8) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n3. Raises ``ValueError`` when *x* is not found in *s*. When a negative\n index is passed as the second or third parameter to the ``index()``\n method, the sequence length is added, as for slice indices. If it\n is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice indices.\n\n4. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n ``insert()`` method, the sequence length is added, as for slice\n indices. If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for\n slice indices.\n\n5. The optional argument *i* defaults to ``-1``, so that by default\n the last item is removed and returned.\n\n6. The ``sort()`` and ``reverse()`` methods modify the sequence in\n place for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large\n sequence. To remind you that they operate by side effect, they\n don\'t return the sorted or reversed sequence.\n\n7. The ``sort()`` method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons. Each must be specified as a keyword argument.\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: ``key=str.lower``. The\n default value is ``None``. Use ``functools.cmp_to_key()`` to\n convert an old-style *cmp* function to a *key* function.\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to ``True``, then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n The ``sort()`` method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable\n if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that\n compare equal --- this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes\n (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade).\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being sorted,\n the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is\n undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear\n empty for the duration, and raises ``ValueError`` if it can detect\n that the list has been mutated during a sort.\n\n8. ``sort()`` is not supported by ``bytearray`` objects.\n\n\nBytes and Byte Array Methods\n============================\n\nBytes and bytearray objects, being "strings of bytes", have all\nmethods found on strings, with the exception of ``encode()``,\n``format()`` and ``isidentifier()``, which do not make sense with\nthese types. For converting the objects to strings, they have a\n``decode()`` method.\n\nWherever one of these methods needs to interpret the bytes as\ncharacters (e.g. the ``is...()`` methods), the ASCII character set is\nassumed.\n\nNote: The methods on bytes and bytearray objects don\'t accept strings as\n their arguments, just as the methods on strings don\'t accept bytes\n as their arguments. For example, you have to write\n\n a = "abc"\n b = a.replace("a", "f")\n\n and\n\n a = b"abc"\n b = a.replace(b"a", b"f")\n\nbytes.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\nbytearray.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\n\n Return a string decoded from the given bytes. Default encoding is\n ``\'utf-8\'``. *errors* may be given to set a different error\n handling scheme. The default for *errors* is ``\'strict\'``, meaning\n that encoding errors raise a ``UnicodeError``. Other possible\n values are ``\'ignore\'``, ``\'replace\'`` and any other name\n registered via ``codecs.register_error()``, see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n Changed in version 3.1: Added support for keyword arguments.\n\nThe bytes and bytearray types have an additional class method:\n\nclassmethod bytes.fromhex(string)\nclassmethod bytearray.fromhex(string)\n\n This ``bytes`` class method returns a bytes or bytearray object,\n decoding the given string object. The string must contain two\n hexadecimal digits per byte, spaces are ignored.\n\n >>> bytes.fromhex(\'f0 f1f2 \')\n b\'\\xf0\\xf1\\xf2\'\n\nThe maketrans and translate methods differ in semantics from the\nversions available on strings:\n\nbytes.translate(table[, delete])\nbytearray.translate(table[, delete])\n\n Return a copy of the bytes or bytearray object where all bytes\n occurring in the optional argument *delete* are removed, and the\n remaining bytes have been mapped through the given translation\n table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.\n\n You can use the ``bytes.maketrans()`` method to create a\n translation table.\n\n Set the *table* argument to ``None`` for translations that only\n delete characters:\n\n >>> b\'read this short text\'.translate(None, b\'aeiou\')\n b\'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\nstatic bytes.maketrans(from, to)\nstatic bytearray.maketrans(from, to)\n\n This static method returns a translation table usable for\n ``bytes.translate()`` that will map each character in *from* into\n the character at the same position in *to*; *from* and *to* must be\n bytes objects and have the same length.\n\n New in version 3.1.\n', + 'typesmodules': "\nModules\n*******\n\nThe only special operation on a module is attribute access:\n``m.name``, where *m* is a module and *name* accesses a name defined\nin *m*'s symbol table. Module attributes can be assigned to. (Note\nthat the ``import`` statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation\non a module object; ``import foo`` does not require a module object\nnamed *foo* to exist, rather it requires an (external) *definition*\nfor a module named *foo* somewhere.)\n\nA special attribute of every module is ``__dict__``. This is the\ndictionary containing the module's symbol table. Modifying this\ndictionary will actually change the module's symbol table, but direct\nassignment to the ``__dict__`` attribute is not possible (you can\nwrite ``m.__dict__['a'] = 1``, which defines ``m.a`` to be ``1``, but\nyou can't write ``m.__dict__ = {}``). Modifying ``__dict__`` directly\nis not recommended.\n\nModules built into the interpreter are written like this: ````. If loaded from a file, they are written as\n````.\n", + 'typesseq': '\nSequence Types --- ``str``, ``bytes``, ``bytearray``, ``list``, ``tuple``, ``range``\n************************************************************************************\n\nThere are six sequence types: strings, byte sequences (``bytes``\nobjects), byte arrays (``bytearray`` objects), lists, tuples, and\nrange objects. For other containers see the built in ``dict`` and\n``set`` classes, and the ``collections`` module.\n\nStrings contain Unicode characters. Their literals are written in\nsingle or double quotes: ``\'xyzzy\'``, ``"frobozz"``. See *String and\nBytes literals* for more about string literals. In addition to the\nfunctionality described here, there are also string-specific methods\ndescribed in the *String Methods* section.\n\nBytes and bytearray objects contain single bytes -- the former is\nimmutable while the latter is a mutable sequence. Bytes objects can\nbe constructed the constructor, ``bytes()``, and from literals; use a\n``b`` prefix with normal string syntax: ``b\'xyzzy\'``. To construct\nbyte arrays, use the ``bytearray()`` function.\n\nWhile string objects are sequences of characters (represented by\nstrings of length 1), bytes and bytearray objects are sequences of\n*integers* (between 0 and 255), representing the ASCII value of single\nbytes. That means that for a bytes or bytearray object *b*, ``b[0]``\nwill be an integer, while ``b[0:1]`` will be a bytes or bytearray\nobject of length 1. The representation of bytes objects uses the\nliteral format (``b\'...\'``) since it is generally more useful than\ne.g. ``bytes([50, 19, 100])``. You can always convert a bytes object\ninto a list of integers using ``list(b)``.\n\nAlso, while in previous Python versions, byte strings and Unicode\nstrings could be exchanged for each other rather freely (barring\nencoding issues), strings and bytes are now completely separate\nconcepts. There\'s no implicit en-/decoding if you pass an object of\nthe wrong type. A string always compares unequal to a bytes or\nbytearray object.\n\nLists are constructed with square brackets, separating items with\ncommas: ``[a, b, c]``. Tuples are constructed by the comma operator\n(not within square brackets), with or without enclosing parentheses,\nbut an empty tuple must have the enclosing parentheses, such as ``a,\nb, c`` or ``()``. A single item tuple must have a trailing comma,\nsuch as ``(d,)``.\n\nObjects of type range are created using the ``range()`` function.\nThey don\'t support concatenation or repetition, and using ``min()`` or\n``max()`` on them is inefficient.\n\nMost sequence types support the following operations. The ``in`` and\n``not in`` operations have the same priorities as the comparison\noperations. The ``+`` and ``*`` operations have the same priority as\nthe corresponding numeric operations. [3] Additional methods are\nprovided for *Mutable Sequence Types*.\n\nThis table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority\n(operations in the same box have the same priority). In the table,\n*s* and *t* are sequences of the same type; *n*, *i*, *j* and *k* are\nintegers.\n\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+====================+==================================+============+\n| ``x in s`` | ``True`` if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else ``False`` | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``x not in s`` | ``False`` if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else ``True`` | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s + t`` | the concatenation of *s* and *t* | (6) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s * n, n * s`` | *n* shallow copies of *s* | (2) |\n| | concatenated | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i]`` | *i*\'th item of *s*, origin 0 | (3) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i:j]`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(4) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s[i:j:k]`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(5) |\n| | with step *k* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``len(s)`` | length of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``min(s)`` | smallest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``max(s)`` | largest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s.index(i)`` | index of the first occurence of | |\n| | *i* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| ``s.count(i)`` | total number of occurences of | |\n| | *i* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n\nSequence types also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and\nlists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding\nelements. This means that to compare equal, every element must\ncompare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have\nthe same length. (For full details see *Comparisons* in the language\nreference.)\n\nNotes:\n\n1. When *s* is a string object, the ``in`` and ``not in`` operations\n act like a substring test.\n\n2. Values of *n* less than ``0`` are treated as ``0`` (which yields an\n empty sequence of the same type as *s*). Note also that the copies\n are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts\n new Python programmers; consider:\n\n >>> lists = [[]] * 3\n >>> lists\n [[], [], []]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [3], [3]]\n\n What has happened is that ``[[]]`` is a one-element list containing\n an empty list, so all three elements of ``[[]] * 3`` are (pointers\n to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of\n ``lists`` modifies this single list. You can create a list of\n different lists this way:\n\n >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists[1].append(5)\n >>> lists[2].append(7)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [5], [7]]\n\n3. If *i* or *j* is negative, the index is relative to the end of the\n string: ``len(s) + i`` or ``len(s) + j`` is substituted. But note\n that ``-0`` is still ``0``.\n\n4. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is defined as the sequence of\n items with index *k* such that ``i <= k < j``. If *i* or *j* is\n greater than ``len(s)``, use ``len(s)``. If *i* is omitted or\n ``None``, use ``0``. If *j* is omitted or ``None``, use\n ``len(s)``. If *i* is greater than or equal to *j*, the slice is\n empty.\n\n5. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* with step *k* is defined as the\n sequence of items with index ``x = i + n*k`` such that ``0 <= n <\n (j-i)/k``. In other words, the indices are ``i``, ``i+k``,\n ``i+2*k``, ``i+3*k`` and so on, stopping when *j* is reached (but\n never including *j*). If *i* or *j* is greater than ``len(s)``,\n use ``len(s)``. If *i* or *j* are omitted or ``None``, they become\n "end" values (which end depends on the sign of *k*). Note, *k*\n cannot be zero. If *k* is ``None``, it is treated like ``1``.\n\n6. **CPython implementation detail:** If *s* and *t* are both strings,\n some Python implementations such as CPython can usually perform an\n in-place optimization for assignments of the form ``s = s + t`` or\n ``s += t``. When applicable, this optimization makes quadratic\n run-time much less likely. This optimization is both version and\n implementation dependent. For performance sensitive code, it is\n preferable to use the ``str.join()`` method which assures\n consistent linear concatenation performance across versions and\n implementations.\n\n\nString Methods\n==============\n\nString objects support the methods listed below.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the *Sequence Types --- str, bytes, bytearray, list,\ntuple, range* section. To output formatted strings, see the *String\nFormatting* section. Also, see the ``re`` module for string functions\nbased on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.encode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\n\n Return an encoded version of the string as a bytes object. Default\n encoding is ``\'utf-8\'``. *errors* may be given to set a different\n error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is ``\'strict\'``,\n meaning that encoding errors raise a ``UnicodeError``. Other\n possible values are ``\'ignore\'``, ``\'replace\'``,\n ``\'xmlcharrefreplace\'``, ``\'backslashreplace\'`` and any other name\n registered via ``codecs.register_error()``, see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n Changed in version 3.1: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return ``True`` if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return ``False``. *suffix* can also be a tuple of\n suffixes to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at\n that position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that\n position.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. The column number is reset to zero after each\n newline occurring in the string. If *tabsize* is not given, a tab\n size of ``8`` characters is assumed. This doesn\'t understand other\n non-printing characters or escape sequences.\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice ``s[start:end]``.\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return ``-1`` if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The ``find()`` method should be used only if you need to know the\n position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not, use\n the ``in`` operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces ``{}``. Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See *Format String Syntax* for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\nstr.format_map(mapping)\n\n Similar to ``str.format(**mapping)``, except that ``mapping`` is\n used directly and not copied to a ``dict`` . This is useful if for\n example ``mapping`` is a dict subclass:\n\n >>> class Default(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return key\n ...\n >>> \'{name} was born in {country}\'.format_map(Default(name=\'Guido\'))\n \'Guido was born in country\'\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like ``find()``, but raise ``ValueError`` when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. A character\n ``c`` is alphanumeric if one of the following returns ``True``:\n ``c.isalpha()``, ``c.isdecimal()``, ``c.isdigit()``, or\n ``c.isnumeric()``.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. Alphabetic\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Letter", i.e., those with general category property\n being one of "Lm", "Lt", "Lu", "Ll", or "Lo". Note that this is\n different from the "Alphabetic" property defined in the Unicode\n Standard.\n\nstr.isdecimal()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are decimal characters\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Decimal\n characters are those from general category "Nd". This category\n includes digit characters, and all characters that that can be used\n to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT\n ZERO.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise. Digits include decimal\n characters and digits that need special handling, such as the\n compatibility superscript digits. Formally, a digit is a character\n that has the property value Numeric_Type=Digit or\n Numeric_Type=Decimal.\n\nstr.isidentifier()\n\n Return true if the string is a valid identifier according to the\n language definition, section *Identifiers and keywords*.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and\n there is at least one cased character, false otherwise. Cased\n characters are those with general category property being one of\n "Lu", "Ll", or "Lt" and lowercase characters are those with general\n category property "Ll".\n\nstr.isnumeric()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are numeric characters,\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Numeric\n characters include digit characters, and all characters that have\n the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION\n ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are those with the\n property value Numeric_Type=Digit, Numeric_Type=Decimal or\n Numeric_Type=Numeric.\n\nstr.isprintable()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are printable or the\n string is empty, false otherwise. Nonprintable characters are\n those characters defined in the Unicode character database as\n "Other" or "Separator", excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is\n considered printable. (Note that printable characters in this\n context are those which should not be escaped when ``repr()`` is\n invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling of strings\n written to ``sys.stdout`` or ``sys.stderr``.)\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Whitespace\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Other" or "Separator" and those with bidirectional\n property being one of "WS", "B", or "S".\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and\n there is at least one cased character, false otherwise. Cased\n characters are those with general category property being one of\n "Lu", "Ll", or "Lt" and uppercase characters are those with general\n category property "Lu".\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. A ``TypeError`` will be raised if there are\n any non-string values in *seq*, including ``bytes`` objects. The\n separator between elements is the string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than\n ``len(s)``.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or ``None``, the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\nstatic str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]])\n\n This static method returns a translation table usable for\n ``str.translate()``.\n\n If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping\n Unicode ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of length 1) to\n Unicode ordinals, strings (of arbitrary lengths) or None.\n Character keys will then be converted to ordinals.\n\n If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length,\n and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped\n to the character at the same position in y. If there is a third\n argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to\n None in the result.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within ``s[start:end]``.\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return ``-1`` on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like ``rfind()`` but raises ``ValueError`` when the substring *sub*\n is not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than\n ``len(s)``.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n ``None``, any whitespace string is a separator. Except for\n splitting from the right, ``rsplit()`` behaves like ``split()``\n which is described in detail below.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or ``None``, the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most ``maxsplit+1``\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified, then there is no limit\n on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n ``\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')`` returns ``[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']``). The *sep*\n argument may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n ``\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']``). Splitting\n an empty string with a specified separator returns ``[\'\']``.\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is ``None``, a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a ``None`` separator returns\n ``[]``.\n\n For example, ``\' 1 2 3 \'.split()`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']``,\n and ``\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)`` returns ``[\'1\', \'2 3 \']``.\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return ``True`` if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise\n return ``False``. *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look\n for. With optional *start*, test string beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that\n position.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or ``None``, the\n *chars* argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars*\n argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its\n values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n s)\n\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\nstr.translate(map)\n\n Return a copy of the *s* where all characters have been mapped\n through the *map* which must be a dictionary of Unicode ordinals\n (integers) to Unicode ordinals, strings or ``None``. Unmapped\n characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to ``None`` are\n deleted.\n\n You can use ``str.maketrans()`` to create a translation map from\n character-to-character mappings in different formats.\n\n Note: An even more flexible approach is to create a custom character\n mapping codec using the ``codecs`` module (see\n ``encodings.cp1251`` for an example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than ``len(s)``.\n\n\nOld String Formatting Operations\n================================\n\nNote: The formatting operations described here are obsolete and may go\n away in future versions of Python. Use the new *String Formatting*\n in new code.\n\nString objects have one unique built-in operation: the ``%`` operator\n(modulo). This is also known as the string *formatting* or\n*interpolation* operator. Given ``format % values`` (where *format* is\na string), ``%`` conversion specifications in *format* are replaced\nwith zero or more elements of *values*. The effect is similar to the\nusing ``sprintf()`` in the C language.\n\nIf *format* requires a single argument, *values* may be a single non-\ntuple object. [4] Otherwise, *values* must be a tuple with exactly\nthe number of items specified by the format string, or a single\nmapping object (for example, a dictionary).\n\nA conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the\nfollowing components, which must occur in this order:\n\n1. The ``\'%\'`` character, which marks the start of the specifier.\n\n2. Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence of\n characters (for example, ``(somename)``).\n\n3. Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some\n conversion types.\n\n4. Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an ``\'*\'``\n (asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of the\n tuple in *values*, and the object to convert comes after the\n minimum field width and optional precision.\n\n5. Precision (optional), given as a ``\'.\'`` (dot) followed by the\n precision. If specified as ``\'*\'`` (an asterisk), the actual\n precision is read from the next element of the tuple in *values*,\n and the value to convert comes after the precision.\n\n6. Length modifier (optional).\n\n7. Conversion type.\n\nWhen the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then\nthe formats in the string *must* include a parenthesised mapping key\ninto that dictionary inserted immediately after the ``\'%\'`` character.\nThe mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping.\nFor example:\n\n>>> print(\'%(language)s has %(number)03d quote types.\' %\n... {\'language\': "Python", "number": 2})\nPython has 002 quote types.\n\nIn this case no ``*`` specifiers may occur in a format (since they\nrequire a sequential parameter list).\n\nThe conversion flag characters are:\n\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Flag | Meaning |\n+===========+=======================================================================+\n| ``\'#\'`` | The value conversion will use the "alternate form" (where defined |\n| | below). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'0\'`` | The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'-\'`` | The converted value is left adjusted (overrides the ``\'0\'`` |\n| | conversion if both are given). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\' \'`` | (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty |\n| | string) produced by a signed conversion. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ``\'+\'`` | A sign character (``\'+\'`` or ``\'-\'``) will precede the conversion |\n| | (overrides a "space" flag). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nA length modifier (``h``, ``l``, or ``L``) may be present, but is\nignored as it is not necessary for Python -- so e.g. ``%ld`` is\nidentical to ``%d``.\n\nThe conversion types are:\n\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| Conversion | Meaning | Notes |\n+==============+=======================================================+=========+\n| ``\'d\'`` | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'i\'`` | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'o\'`` | Signed octal value. | (1) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'u\'`` | Obsolete type -- it is identical to ``\'d\'``. | (7) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'x\'`` | Signed hexadecimal (lowercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'X\'`` | Signed hexadecimal (uppercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'e\'`` | Floating point exponential format (lowercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'E\'`` | Floating point exponential format (uppercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'f\'`` | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'F\'`` | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'g\'`` | Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'G\'`` | Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'c\'`` | Single character (accepts integer or single character | |\n| | string). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'r\'`` | String (converts any Python object using ``repr()``). | (5) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'s\'`` | String (converts any Python object using ``str()``). | (5) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'a\'`` | String (converts any Python object using | (5) |\n| | ``ascii()``). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| ``\'%\'`` | No argument is converted, results in a ``\'%\'`` | |\n| | character in the result. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. The alternate form causes a leading zero (``\'0\'``) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n2. The alternate form causes a leading ``\'0x\'`` or ``\'0X\'`` (depending\n on whether the ``\'x\'`` or ``\'X\'`` format was used) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n3. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, even if no digits follow it.\n\n The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal\n point and defaults to 6.\n\n4. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise\n be.\n\n The precision determines the number of significant digits before\n and after the decimal point and defaults to 6.\n\n5. If precision is ``N``, the output is truncated to ``N`` characters.\n\n1. See **PEP 237**.\n\nSince Python strings have an explicit length, ``%s`` conversions do\nnot assume that ``\'\\0\'`` is the end of the string.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: ``%f`` conversions for numbers whose absolute\nvalue is over 1e50 are no longer replaced by ``%g`` conversions.\n\nAdditional string operations are defined in standard modules\n``string`` and ``re``.\n\n\nRange Type\n==========\n\nThe ``range`` type is an immutable sequence which is commonly used for\nlooping. The advantage of the ``range`` type is that an ``range``\nobject will always take the same amount of memory, no matter the size\nof the range it represents.\n\nRange objects have relatively little behavior: they support indexing,\ncontains, iteration, the ``len()`` function, and the following\nmethods:\n\nrange.count(x)\n\n Return the number of *i*\'s for which ``s[i] == x``.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nrange.index(x)\n\n Return the smallest *i* such that ``s[i] == x``. Raises\n ``ValueError`` when *x* is not in the range.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\n\nMutable Sequence Types\n======================\n\nList and bytearray objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object).\n\nNote that while lists allow their items to be of any type, bytearray\nobject "items" are all integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| ``s[i] = x`` | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j] = t`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j]`` | same as ``s[i:j] = []`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j:k] = t`` | the elements of ``s[i:j:k]`` are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j:k]`` | removes the elements of | |\n| | ``s[i:j:k]`` from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.append(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = | |\n| | [x]`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.extend(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = x`` | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.count(x)`` | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | ``s[i] == x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.index(x[, i[, j]])`` | return smallest *k* such that | (3) |\n| | ``s[k] == x`` and ``i <= k < j`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.insert(i, x)`` | same as ``s[i:i] = [x]`` | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.pop([i])`` | same as ``x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (5) |\n| | return x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.remove(x)`` | same as ``del s[s.index(x)]`` | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.reverse()`` | reverses the items of *s* in | (6) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.sort([key[, reverse]])`` | sort the items of *s* in place | (6), (7), (8) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n3. Raises ``ValueError`` when *x* is not found in *s*. When a negative\n index is passed as the second or third parameter to the ``index()``\n method, the sequence length is added, as for slice indices. If it\n is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice indices.\n\n4. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n ``insert()`` method, the sequence length is added, as for slice\n indices. If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for\n slice indices.\n\n5. The optional argument *i* defaults to ``-1``, so that by default\n the last item is removed and returned.\n\n6. The ``sort()`` and ``reverse()`` methods modify the sequence in\n place for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large\n sequence. To remind you that they operate by side effect, they\n don\'t return the sorted or reversed sequence.\n\n7. The ``sort()`` method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons. Each must be specified as a keyword argument.\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: ``key=str.lower``. The\n default value is ``None``. Use ``functools.cmp_to_key()`` to\n convert an old-style *cmp* function to a *key* function.\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to ``True``, then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n The ``sort()`` method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable\n if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that\n compare equal --- this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes\n (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade).\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being sorted,\n the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is\n undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear\n empty for the duration, and raises ``ValueError`` if it can detect\n that the list has been mutated during a sort.\n\n8. ``sort()`` is not supported by ``bytearray`` objects.\n\n\nBytes and Byte Array Methods\n============================\n\nBytes and bytearray objects, being "strings of bytes", have all\nmethods found on strings, with the exception of ``encode()``,\n``format()`` and ``isidentifier()``, which do not make sense with\nthese types. For converting the objects to strings, they have a\n``decode()`` method.\n\nWherever one of these methods needs to interpret the bytes as\ncharacters (e.g. the ``is...()`` methods), the ASCII character set is\nassumed.\n\nNote: The methods on bytes and bytearray objects don\'t accept strings as\n their arguments, just as the methods on strings don\'t accept bytes\n as their arguments. For example, you have to write\n\n a = "abc"\n b = a.replace("a", "f")\n\n and\n\n a = b"abc"\n b = a.replace(b"a", b"f")\n\nbytes.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\nbytearray.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\n\n Return a string decoded from the given bytes. Default encoding is\n ``\'utf-8\'``. *errors* may be given to set a different error\n handling scheme. The default for *errors* is ``\'strict\'``, meaning\n that encoding errors raise a ``UnicodeError``. Other possible\n values are ``\'ignore\'``, ``\'replace\'`` and any other name\n registered via ``codecs.register_error()``, see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n Changed in version 3.1: Added support for keyword arguments.\n\nThe bytes and bytearray types have an additional class method:\n\nclassmethod bytes.fromhex(string)\nclassmethod bytearray.fromhex(string)\n\n This ``bytes`` class method returns a bytes or bytearray object,\n decoding the given string object. The string must contain two\n hexadecimal digits per byte, spaces are ignored.\n\n >>> bytes.fromhex(\'f0 f1f2 \')\n b\'\\xf0\\xf1\\xf2\'\n\nThe maketrans and translate methods differ in semantics from the\nversions available on strings:\n\nbytes.translate(table[, delete])\nbytearray.translate(table[, delete])\n\n Return a copy of the bytes or bytearray object where all bytes\n occurring in the optional argument *delete* are removed, and the\n remaining bytes have been mapped through the given translation\n table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.\n\n You can use the ``bytes.maketrans()`` method to create a\n translation table.\n\n Set the *table* argument to ``None`` for translations that only\n delete characters:\n\n >>> b\'read this short text\'.translate(None, b\'aeiou\')\n b\'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\nstatic bytes.maketrans(from, to)\nstatic bytearray.maketrans(from, to)\n\n This static method returns a translation table usable for\n ``bytes.translate()`` that will map each character in *from* into\n the character at the same position in *to*; *from* and *to* must be\n bytes objects and have the same length.\n\n New in version 3.1.\n', 'typesseq-mutable': '\nMutable Sequence Types\n**********************\n\nList and bytearray objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object).\n\nNote that while lists allow their items to be of any type, bytearray\nobject "items" are all integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| ``s[i] = x`` | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j] = t`` | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j]`` | same as ``s[i:j] = []`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s[i:j:k] = t`` | the elements of ``s[i:j:k]`` are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``del s[i:j:k]`` | removes the elements of | |\n| | ``s[i:j:k]`` from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.append(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = | |\n| | [x]`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.extend(x)`` | same as ``s[len(s):len(s)] = x`` | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.count(x)`` | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | ``s[i] == x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.index(x[, i[, j]])`` | return smallest *k* such that | (3) |\n| | ``s[k] == x`` and ``i <= k < j`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.insert(i, x)`` | same as ``s[i:i] = [x]`` | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.pop([i])`` | same as ``x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (5) |\n| | return x`` | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.remove(x)`` | same as ``del s[s.index(x)]`` | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.reverse()`` | reverses the items of *s* in | (6) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| ``s.sort([key[, reverse]])`` | sort the items of *s* in place | (6), (7), (8) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n3. Raises ``ValueError`` when *x* is not found in *s*. When a negative\n index is passed as the second or third parameter to the ``index()``\n method, the sequence length is added, as for slice indices. If it\n is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice indices.\n\n4. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n ``insert()`` method, the sequence length is added, as for slice\n indices. If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for\n slice indices.\n\n5. The optional argument *i* defaults to ``-1``, so that by default\n the last item is removed and returned.\n\n6. The ``sort()`` and ``reverse()`` methods modify the sequence in\n place for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large\n sequence. To remind you that they operate by side effect, they\n don\'t return the sorted or reversed sequence.\n\n7. The ``sort()`` method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons. Each must be specified as a keyword argument.\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: ``key=str.lower``. The\n default value is ``None``. Use ``functools.cmp_to_key()`` to\n convert an old-style *cmp* function to a *key* function.\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to ``True``, then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n The ``sort()`` method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable\n if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that\n compare equal --- this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes\n (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade).\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being sorted,\n the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is\n undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear\n empty for the duration, and raises ``ValueError`` if it can detect\n that the list has been mutated during a sort.\n\n8. ``sort()`` is not supported by ``bytearray`` objects.\n', 'unary': '\nUnary arithmetic and bitwise operations\n***************************************\n\nAll unary arithmetic and bitwise operations have the same priority:\n\n u_expr ::= power | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr\n\nThe unary ``-`` (minus) operator yields the negation of its numeric\nargument.\n\nThe unary ``+`` (plus) operator yields its numeric argument unchanged.\n\nThe unary ``~`` (invert) operator yields the bitwise inversion of its\ninteger argument. The bitwise inversion of ``x`` is defined as\n``-(x+1)``. It only applies to integral numbers.\n\nIn all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, a\n``TypeError`` exception is raised.\n', 'while': '\nThe ``while`` statement\n***********************\n\nThe ``while`` statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\nexpression is true:\n\n while_stmt ::= "while" expression ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThis repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the\nfirst suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time\nit is tested) the suite of the ``else`` clause, if present, is\nexecuted and the loop terminates.\n\nA ``break`` statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the ``else`` clause\'s suite. A ``continue``\nstatement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and\ngoes back to testing the expression.\n', From b3f0ce4d1ea6a48774af22e20b8f748c19f87462 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 11:34:58 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 02/45] Bump version to 3.2.2rc1. --- Include/patchlevel.h | 8 ++++---- Lib/distutils/__init__.py | 2 +- Lib/idlelib/idlever.py | 2 +- Misc/NEWS | 6 +++--- Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec | 2 +- README | 4 ++-- 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index a9477b247be..4558c763715 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ /*--start constants--*/ #define PY_MAJOR_VERSION 3 #define PY_MINOR_VERSION 2 -#define PY_MICRO_VERSION 1 -#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_FINAL -#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 0 +#define PY_MICRO_VERSION 2 +#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_GAMMA +#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 1 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.2.1+" +#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2rc1" /*--end constants--*/ /* Subversion Revision number of this file (not of the repository). Empty diff --git a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py index c06002eab31..b31b2d203d2 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py @@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ # Updated automatically by the Python release process. # #--start constants-- -__version__ = "3.2.1" +__version__ = "3.2.2rc1" #--end constants-- diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py index 3fc5e7f7750..7bf7cae3e96 100644 --- a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py +++ b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py @@ -1 +1 @@ -IDLE_VERSION = "3.2.1" +IDLE_VERSION = "3.2.2rc1" diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 354d09a070c..db2a741ff80 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ Python News +++++++++++ -What's New in Python 3.2.2? -=========================== +What's New in Python 3.2.2 release candidate 1? +=============================================== -*Release date: XX-XXX-2011* +*Release date: 14-Aug-2011* Core and Builtins ----------------- diff --git a/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec b/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec index 955ca3d6ac0..0f2958c7e07 100644 --- a/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec +++ b/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ %define name python #--start constants-- -%define version 3.2.1 +%define version 3.2.2rc1 %define libvers 3.2 #--end constants-- %define release 1pydotorg diff --git a/README b/README index 4667a707bc6..80df47f9a62 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -This is Python version 3.2.1 -============================ +This is Python version 3.2.2 release candidate 1 +================================================ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. From 96d237c40a97f2db2f347f657669ff08c96a005e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 11:59:12 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 03/45] Update versions in LICENSE files. --- Doc/license.rst | 10 +++++++++- LICENSE | 6 +++++- 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/license.rst b/Doc/license.rst index 41d16054b65..d029f0fb49b 100644 --- a/Doc/license.rst +++ b/Doc/license.rst @@ -106,10 +106,18 @@ been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. +----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ | 3.1.1 | 3.1 | 2009 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ -| 3.1.2 | 3.1 | 2010 | PSF | yes | +| 3.1.2 | 3.1.1 | 2010 | PSF | yes | ++----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ +| 3.1.3 | 3.1.2 | 2010 | PSF | yes | ++----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ +| 3.1.4 | 3.1.3 | 2011 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2011 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ +| 3.2.1 | 3.2 | 2011 | PSF | yes | ++----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ +| 3.2.2 | 3.2.1 | 2011 | PSF | yes | ++----------------+--------------+------------+------------+-----------------+ .. note:: diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE index 341de158297..48dbba71baf 100644 --- a/LICENSE +++ b/LICENSE @@ -67,8 +67,12 @@ the various releases. 3.0.1 3.0 2009 PSF yes 3.1 3.0.1 2009 PSF yes 3.1.1 3.1 2009 PSF yes - 3.1.2 3.1 2010 PSF yes + 3.1.2 3.1.1 2010 PSF yes + 3.1.3 3.1.2 2010 PSF yes + 3.1.4 3.1.3 2011 PSF yes 3.2 3.1 2011 PSF yes + 3.2.1 3.2 2011 PSF yes + 3.2.2 3.2.1 2011 PSF yes Footnotes: From 20a789408312233ef494aa51bd6fe9075c5f5cde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 19:06:56 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 04/45] Added tag v3.2.2rc1 for changeset c860feaa348d --- .hgtags | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/.hgtags b/.hgtags index 97740e61bfe..635fc5fe0b7 100644 --- a/.hgtags +++ b/.hgtags @@ -91,3 +91,4 @@ a222a015e28d8ae9af3899258dc6c15c3d40add0 v3.2 cfa9364997c7f2e67b9cbb45c3a5fa3bba4e4999 v3.2.1rc1 5df549718fb4841ff521fe051f6b54f290fad5d8 v3.2.1rc2 ac1f7e5c05104d557d5acd922e95625ba5d1fe10 v3.2.1 +c860feaa348d663e598986894ee4680480577e15 v3.2.2rc1 From 666ed0b84d68fcc2962d1857a227c5d458f1cd40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 20:19:09 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 05/45] Post-release steps. --- Include/patchlevel.h | 2 +- Misc/NEWS | 12 ++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index 4558c763715..307cb8d3b4c 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ #define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 1 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2rc1" +#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2rc1+" /*--end constants--*/ /* Subversion Revision number of this file (not of the repository). Empty diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index ee05ddfa799..fe85823a2d8 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -2,6 +2,18 @@ Python News +++++++++++ +What's New in Python 3.2.2? +=========================== + +*Release date: XXXX-XX-XX* + +Core and Builtins +----------------- + +Library +------- + + What's New in Python 3.2.2 release candidate 1? =============================================== From f42121f27e34797b0b5db86ad2fdc4a72bc7e37a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Melotti Date: Sun, 14 Aug 2011 08:28:57 +0300 Subject: [PATCH 06/45] #12725: fix working. Patch by Ben Hayden. --- Doc/ACKS.txt | 1 + Doc/library/socket.rst | 6 +++--- Modules/socketmodule.c | 6 +++--- 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/ACKS.txt b/Doc/ACKS.txt index 271ece9d229..4f7e833e2a7 100644 --- a/Doc/ACKS.txt +++ b/Doc/ACKS.txt @@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ docs@python.org), and we'll be glad to correct the problem. * Travis B. Hartwell * Tim Hatch * Janko Hauser + * Ben Hayden * Thomas Heller * Bernhard Herzog * Magnus L. Hetland diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst index 14cd4ff5ce6..d462bb77480 100644 --- a/Doc/library/socket.rst +++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst @@ -513,14 +513,14 @@ The module :mod:`socket` exports the following constants and functions: .. function:: getdefaulttimeout() - Return the default timeout in floating seconds for new socket objects. A value + Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of ``None`` indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is ``None``. .. function:: setdefaulttimeout(timeout) - Set the default timeout in floating seconds for new socket objects. When + Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When the socket module is first imported, the default is ``None``. See :meth:`~socket.settimeout` for possible values and their respective meanings. @@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets. .. method:: socket.gettimeout() - Return the timeout in floating seconds associated with socket operations, + Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or ``None`` if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to :meth:`setblocking` or :meth:`settimeout`. diff --git a/Modules/socketmodule.c b/Modules/socketmodule.c index bc11b23c567..fcdbf8afe1e 100644 --- a/Modules/socketmodule.c +++ b/Modules/socketmodule.c @@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@ sock_gettimeout(PySocketSockObject *s) PyDoc_STRVAR(gettimeout_doc, "gettimeout() -> timeout\n\ \n\ -Returns the timeout in floating seconds associated with socket \n\ +Returns the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket \n\ operations. A timeout of None indicates that timeouts on socket \n\ operations are disabled."); @@ -4201,7 +4201,7 @@ socket_getdefaulttimeout(PyObject *self) PyDoc_STRVAR(getdefaulttimeout_doc, "getdefaulttimeout() -> timeout\n\ \n\ -Returns the default timeout in floating seconds for new socket objects.\n\ +Returns the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects.\n\ A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout.\n\ When the socket module is first imported, the default is None."); @@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@ socket_setdefaulttimeout(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg) PyDoc_STRVAR(setdefaulttimeout_doc, "setdefaulttimeout(timeout)\n\ \n\ -Set the default timeout in floating seconds for new socket objects.\n\ +Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects.\n\ A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout.\n\ When the socket module is first imported, the default is None."); From 828cc6c618f42196d6dcc1a0adaad0e07e6b1bee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2011 19:05:56 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 07/45] Revert change that was not a syntax fix but actually a behavior change --- Makefile.pre.in | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Makefile.pre.in b/Makefile.pre.in index 1108c75eca7..78b85f656f1 100644 --- a/Makefile.pre.in +++ b/Makefile.pre.in @@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@ funny: -o -name .hgignore \ -o -name .bzrignore \ -o -name MANIFEST \ - -print + -o -print # Perform some verification checks on any modified files. patchcheck: From b2761186af43709e4e1e7fe3c82c956d40967674 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sandro Tosi Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2011 20:03:11 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 08/45] #12761: fix wording of zlib license section --- Doc/license.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Doc/license.rst b/Doc/license.rst index d029f0fb49b..8693a0fb578 100644 --- a/Doc/license.rst +++ b/Doc/license.rst @@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ zlib ---- The :mod:`zlib` extension is built using an included copy of the zlib -sources unless the zlib version found on the system is too old to be +sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be used for the build:: Copyright (C) 1995-2011 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler From f6854cb0f0661026fafd6e3717c9f56cc888bb0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Eli Bendersky Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2011 06:29:51 +0300 Subject: [PATCH 09/45] Issue #12672: remove confusing part of sentence in documentation --- Doc/extending/newtypes.rst | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst b/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst index 75836c78078..2ba01bc53b3 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst @@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ The Python runtime sees all Python objects as variables of type just contains the refcount and a pointer to the object's "type object". This is where the action is; the type object determines which (C) functions get called when, for instance, an attribute gets looked up on an object or it is multiplied -by another object. These C functions are called "type methods" to distinguish -them from things like ``[].append`` (which we call "object methods"). +by another object. These C functions are called "type methods". So, if you want to define a new object type, you need to create a new type object. From 2f394f6666f75787cb5f0e5ca65df971b2ac0e8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sandro Tosi Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2011 18:40:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 10/45] mention RFC1123 as origin of 4-year digit; thanks to John Haxby from docs@ --- Doc/library/time.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/time.rst b/Doc/library/time.rst index 28e994c61c1..7c464ac2452 100644 --- a/Doc/library/time.rst +++ b/Doc/library/time.rst @@ -553,6 +553,6 @@ The module defines the following functions and data items: preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a strict reading of the original 1982 :rfc:`822` standard calls for a two-digit year (%y rather than %Y), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the - year 2000. The 4-digit year has been mandated by :rfc:`2822`, which obsoletes - :rfc:`822`. + year 2000. After that, :rfc:`822` became obsolete and the 4-digit year has + been first recommended by :rfc:`1123` and then mandated by :rfc:`2822`. From e1043fc23003426334e2e4f71ca92c8e92c81b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sandro Tosi Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2011 22:54:50 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 11/45] fix description of \r; thanks to Thomas Waldmann from docs@ --- Doc/library/re.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/re.rst b/Doc/library/re.rst index 3046755f296..540a2091bee 100644 --- a/Doc/library/re.rst +++ b/Doc/library/re.rst @@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ form. of *pattern* in *string* by the replacement *repl*. If the pattern isn't found, *string* is returned unchanged. *repl* can be a string or a function; if it is a string, any backslash escapes in it are processed. That is, ``\n`` is - converted to a single newline character, ``\r`` is converted to a linefeed, and + converted to a single newline character, ``\r`` is converted to a carriage return, and so forth. Unknown escapes such as ``\j`` are left alone. Backreferences, such as ``\6``, are replaced with the substring matched by group 6 in the pattern. For example: From 4cf6604b8292b1b61fb2e7f101c4c375052e50c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Victor Stinner Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2011 14:01:05 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 12/45] Issue #12326: sys.platform is now always 'linux2' on Linux Even if Python is compiled on Linux 3. --- Misc/NEWS | 4 ++++ configure | 1 + configure.in | 1 + 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+) diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index fe85823a2d8..48ef326d56e 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ What's New in Python 3.2.2? Core and Builtins ----------------- +- Issue #12326: sys.platform is now always 'linux2' on Linux, even if Python + is compiled on Linux 3. + + Library ------- diff --git a/configure b/configure index 508ae3463a1..9d85e359b1d 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -2997,6 +2997,7 @@ then MACHDEP="$ac_md_system$ac_md_release" case $MACHDEP in + linux*) MACHDEP="linux2";; cygwin*) MACHDEP="cygwin";; darwin*) MACHDEP="darwin";; irix646) MACHDEP="irix6";; diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in index c4ad4e89087..3e60d8e0165 100644 --- a/configure.in +++ b/configure.in @@ -290,6 +290,7 @@ then MACHDEP="$ac_md_system$ac_md_release" case $MACHDEP in + linux*) MACHDEP="linux2";; cygwin*) MACHDEP="cygwin";; darwin*) MACHDEP="darwin";; irix646) MACHDEP="irix6";; From dc42beb55ee75ab8b56aae1f96a0c6be4fc08083 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Antoine Pitrou Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2011 19:48:43 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 13/45] Issue #12213: make it clear that BufferedRWPair shouldn't be called with the same object as reader and writer, and deemphasize it in document order. --- Doc/library/io.rst | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/io.rst b/Doc/library/io.rst index 0d8730568a2..4da61957a1c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/io.rst +++ b/Doc/library/io.rst @@ -607,25 +607,6 @@ than raw I/O does. if the buffer needs to be written out but the raw stream blocks. -.. class:: BufferedRWPair(reader, writer, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) - - A buffered I/O object giving a combined, higher-level access to two - sequential :class:`RawIOBase` objects: one readable, the other writeable. - It is useful for pairs of unidirectional communication channels - (pipes, for instance). It inherits :class:`BufferedIOBase`. - - *reader* and *writer* are :class:`RawIOBase` objects that are readable and - writeable respectively. If the *buffer_size* is omitted it defaults to - :data:`DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`. - - A fourth argument, *max_buffer_size*, is supported, but unused and - deprecated. - - :class:`BufferedRWPair` implements all of :class:`BufferedIOBase`\'s methods - except for :meth:`~BufferedIOBase.detach`, which raises - :exc:`UnsupportedOperation`. - - .. class:: BufferedRandom(raw, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) A buffered interface to random access streams. It inherits @@ -642,6 +623,29 @@ than raw I/O does. :class:`BufferedWriter` can do. +.. class:: BufferedRWPair(reader, writer, buffer_size=DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) + + A buffered I/O object combining two unidirectional :class:`RawIOBase` + objects -- one readable, the other writeable -- into a single bidirectional + endpoint. It inherits :class:`BufferedIOBase`. + + *reader* and *writer* are :class:`RawIOBase` objects that are readable and + writeable respectively. If the *buffer_size* is omitted it defaults to + :data:`DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`. + + A fourth argument, *max_buffer_size*, is supported, but unused and + deprecated. + + :class:`BufferedRWPair` implements all of :class:`BufferedIOBase`\'s methods + except for :meth:`~BufferedIOBase.detach`, which raises + :exc:`UnsupportedOperation`. + + .. warning:: + :class:`BufferedRWPair` does not attempt to synchronize accesses to + its underlying raw streams. You should not pass it the same object + as reader and writer; use :class:`BufferedRandom` instead. + + Text I/O ^^^^^^^^ From d31829329590acc98a94a79b1c5f1428235867e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sandro Tosi Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2011 00:16:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 14/45] #5301: add image/vnd.microsoft.icon (.ico) MIME type --- Lib/mimetypes.py | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/Lib/mimetypes.py b/Lib/mimetypes.py index 2ef71f94828..961e47fdf5e 100644 --- a/Lib/mimetypes.py +++ b/Lib/mimetypes.py @@ -425,6 +425,7 @@ def _default_mime_types(): '.hdf' : 'application/x-hdf', '.htm' : 'text/html', '.html' : 'text/html', + '.ico' : 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon', '.ief' : 'image/ief', '.jpe' : 'image/jpeg', '.jpeg' : 'image/jpeg', From 7cc1fb073df5cd4d1c6790d14b8767d3690322cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2011 14:29:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 15/45] Add missing name in shutil --- Lib/shutil.py | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Lib/shutil.py b/Lib/shutil.py index d2e2dc52fc9..7b59c6bf10e 100644 --- a/Lib/shutil.py +++ b/Lib/shutil.py @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "ExecError", "make_archive", "get_archive_formats", "register_archive_format", "unregister_archive_format", "get_unpack_formats", "register_unpack_format", - "unregister_unpack_format", "unpack_archive"] + "unregister_unpack_format", "unpack_archive", "ignore_patterns"] class Error(EnvironmentError): pass From b897168eb66a55de025fbff0fd1dccae7497e6b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Antoine Pitrou Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2011 19:32:26 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 16/45] A warning doesn't equate a failed test (this broken -F with e.g. test_multiprocessing) --- Lib/test/regrtest.py | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Lib/test/regrtest.py b/Lib/test/regrtest.py index 077434baaf7..d32fc8dd0aa 100755 --- a/Lib/test/regrtest.py +++ b/Lib/test/regrtest.py @@ -515,7 +515,6 @@ def accumulate_result(test, result): elif ok == FAILED: bad.append(test) elif ok == ENV_CHANGED: - bad.append(test) environment_changed.append(test) elif ok == SKIPPED: skipped.append(test) From 852eea20ef212088717fe0886d8224beb1676fa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:52:26 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 17/45] Close #12838: fix range() call. --- Doc/faq/programming.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Doc/faq/programming.rst b/Doc/faq/programming.rst index 07e681837a3..8b2f04790b2 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/programming.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/programming.rst @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ tick of the interpreter's mainloop using highly optimized C implementations. Thus to get the same effect as:: L2 = [] - for i in range[3]: + for i in range(3): L2.append(L1[i]) it is much shorter and far faster to use :: From 72dde45dc62320a9c02725b81d62f6961073346e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2011 00:45:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 18/45] =?UTF-8?q?Document=20the=20"optional"=20argument=20?= =?UTF-8?q?of=20distutils=E2=80=99=20Extension=20class?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- Doc/distutils/apiref.rst | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst b/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst index 124d891a49b..2d3d8e37b09 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst @@ -261,6 +261,11 @@ the full reference. | | from the source extensions if | | | | not provided. | | +------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------+ + | *optional* | specifies that a build failure | a boolean | + | | in the extension should not | | + | | abort the build process, but | | + | | simply skip the extension. | | + +------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------+ .. class:: Distribution From 217607ecde2f23f513aab3cdf7b99abf0fa6e415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2011 16:38:40 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 19/45] Remove outdated pointer to optparse (fixes #11360). The doc already points to argparse. --- Doc/library/getopt.rst | 3 --- 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/getopt.rst b/Doc/library/getopt.rst index bcfc4b59c47..b6ab3df0228 100644 --- a/Doc/library/getopt.rst +++ b/Doc/library/getopt.rst @@ -22,9 +22,6 @@ the special meanings of arguments of the form '``-``' and '``--``'). Long options similar to those supported by GNU software may be used as well via an optional third argument. -A more convenient, flexible, and powerful alternative is the -:mod:`optparse` module. - This module provides two functions and an exception: From 0c97e5f36aa59e0221b9d279dfea83ff6f7936c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nadeem Vawda Date: Sat, 27 Aug 2011 15:22:05 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 20/45] Make regrtest complain when -M and -j are used together. -j doesn't pass the memlimit on to child processes, so this doesn't work at present, and even if it did, running multiple bigmem tests at once would usually not be desirable (since you generally want to devote as much of the available RAM as possible to each test). --- Lib/test/regrtest.py | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/Lib/test/regrtest.py b/Lib/test/regrtest.py index d32fc8dd0aa..10b515b5ab2 100755 --- a/Lib/test/regrtest.py +++ b/Lib/test/regrtest.py @@ -412,6 +412,8 @@ def main(tests=None, testdir=None, verbose=0, quiet=False, usage("-T and -j don't go together!") if use_mp and findleaks: usage("-l and -j don't go together!") + if use_mp and support.max_memuse: + usage("-M and -j don't go together!") if failfast and not (verbose or verbose3): usage("-G/--failfast needs either -v or -W") From 97d67924e3a3ac1bbe07d6abc02c233a330013f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nadeem Vawda Date: Sun, 28 Aug 2011 11:26:46 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 21/45] Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch. If the version of zlib used to compile the zlib module is incompatible with the one that is actually linked in, then calls into zlib will fail. This can leave attributes of the z_stream uninitialized, so we must take care to avoid segfaulting by trying to use an invalid pointer. Fix by Richard M. Tew. --- Misc/ACKS | 1 + Misc/NEWS | 4 ++++ Modules/zlibmodule.c | 8 +++++++- 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Misc/ACKS b/Misc/ACKS index d345e54ef9d..add8c617a7f 100644 --- a/Misc/ACKS +++ b/Misc/ACKS @@ -873,6 +873,7 @@ Monty Taylor Amy Taylor Anatoly Techtonik Mikhail Terekhov +Richard M. Tew Tobias Thelen James Thomas Robin Thomas diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 48ef326d56e..86eea69a3f6 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ Core and Builtins Library ------- +- Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch. + Fix by Richard M. Tew. + + What's New in Python 3.2.2 release candidate 1? =============================================== diff --git a/Modules/zlibmodule.c b/Modules/zlibmodule.c index ba0e59ce064..a1e605b3d2b 100644 --- a/Modules/zlibmodule.c +++ b/Modules/zlibmodule.c @@ -52,7 +52,13 @@ typedef struct static void zlib_error(z_stream zst, int err, char *msg) { - const char *zmsg = zst.msg; + const char *zmsg = Z_NULL; + /* In case of a version mismatch, zst.msg won't be initialized. + Check for this case first, before looking at zst.msg. */ + if (err == Z_VERSION_ERROR) + zmsg = "library version mismatch"; + if (zmsg == Z_NULL) + zmsg = zst.msg; if (zmsg == Z_NULL) { switch (err) { case Z_BUF_ERROR: From 4cfb42dd2dc804600e9c1b33425f4a6095c46752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Amaury Forgeot d'Arc Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2011 21:40:20 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 22/45] Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to some functions like file.write(). --- Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py | 4 ++++ Misc/NEWS | 3 +++ Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c | 6 ++++-- 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py index c19c05a300a..2dc74841c49 100644 --- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py +++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py @@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ def test_buffer(self): self.assertEqual(b[::2], b"ac") self.assertEqual(b[::5], b"a") + def test_buffer_interface(self): + self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(0))), 0) + self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(1))), 1) + try: c_wchar except NameError: diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 86eea69a3f6..af26b8dcfa4 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -152,6 +152,9 @@ Library Extension Modules ----------------- +- Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to + some functions like file.write(). + - Issue #10309: Define _GNU_SOURCE so that mremap() gets the proper signature. Without this, architectures where sizeof void* != sizeof int are broken. Patch given by Hallvard B Furuseth. diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c index 8e8598002d9..277206c7de0 100644 --- a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c +++ b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c @@ -2488,8 +2488,10 @@ static int PyCData_NewGetBuffer(PyObject *_self, Py_buffer *view, int flags) view->ndim = dict->ndim; view->shape = dict->shape; view->itemsize = self->b_size; - for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) { - view->itemsize /= dict->shape[i]; + if (view->itemsize) { + for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; ++i) { + view->itemsize /= dict->shape[i]; + } } view->strides = NULL; view->suboffsets = NULL; From 89b7af1e532f4a12632e77173e71717f2e9996e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 09:08:49 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 23/45] Fix-up NEWS merge. --- Misc/NEWS | 10 ++++++---- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index af26b8dcfa4..0aa9a113147 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -13,13 +13,18 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #12326: sys.platform is now always 'linux2' on Linux, even if Python is compiled on Linux 3. - Library ------- - Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch. Fix by Richard M. Tew. +Extension Modules +----------------- + +- Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to + some functions like file.write(). + What's New in Python 3.2.2 release candidate 1? @@ -152,9 +157,6 @@ Library Extension Modules ----------------- -- Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to - some functions like file.write(). - - Issue #10309: Define _GNU_SOURCE so that mremap() gets the proper signature. Without this, architectures where sizeof void* != sizeof int are broken. Patch given by Hallvard B Furuseth. From 4058211e8d8c250e39e21604b36637ebd8784e6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Benjamin Peterson Date: Wed, 31 Aug 2011 22:13:03 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 24/45] accept bytes for the AST 'string' type This is a temporary kludge and all is well in 3.3. --- Misc/NEWS | 3 +++ Parser/asdl_c.py | 2 +- Python/Python-ast.c | 2 +- 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 0aa9a113147..12813668ced 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #12326: sys.platform is now always 'linux2' on Linux, even if Python is compiled on Linux 3. +- Accept bytes for the AST string type. This is temporary until a proper fix in + 3.3. + Library ------- diff --git a/Parser/asdl_c.py b/Parser/asdl_c.py index 8a7f8aec7f4..249e18ddf42 100755 --- a/Parser/asdl_c.py +++ b/Parser/asdl_c.py @@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ def visitModule(self, mod): static int obj2ast_string(PyObject* obj, PyObject** out, PyArena* arena) { - if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)) { + if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj) && !PyBytes_CheckExact(obj)) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "AST string must be of type str"); return 1; } diff --git a/Python/Python-ast.c b/Python/Python-ast.c index 8ba06ff39a4..89c07cd602d 100644 --- a/Python/Python-ast.c +++ b/Python/Python-ast.c @@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ static int obj2ast_identifier(PyObject* obj, PyObject** out, PyArena* arena) static int obj2ast_string(PyObject* obj, PyObject** out, PyArena* arena) { - if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)) { + if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj) && !PyBytes_CheckExact(obj)) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "AST string must be of type str"); return 1; } From 43ba3545991691403d1b4ec1d04e66053c2ddf36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2011 03:19:30 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 25/45] Fix some misuses of Sphinx roles and one typo --- Doc/c-api/init.rst | 4 ++-- Doc/faq/design.rst | 2 +- Doc/faq/windows.rst | 2 +- Doc/howto/logging.rst | 6 +++--- Doc/library/argparse.rst | 2 +- 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/c-api/init.rst b/Doc/c-api/init.rst index 4b70ec29a4e..94f8c05ea62 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/init.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/init.rst @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Process-wide parameters program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`prefix` variable in the top-level - :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--prefix` argument to the :program:`configure` + :file:`Makefile` and the ``--prefix`` argument to the :program:`configure` script at build time. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.prefix``. It is only useful on Unix. See also the next function. @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Process-wide parameters program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the exec-prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`exec_prefix` - variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--exec-prefix` + variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the ``--exec-prefix`` argument to the :program:`configure` script at build time. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.exec_prefix``. It is only useful on Unix. diff --git a/Doc/faq/design.rst b/Doc/faq/design.rst index b9faf576bfd..02417b1e90f 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/design.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/design.rst @@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ construction of large programs. Python 2.6 adds an :mod:`abc` module that lets you define Abstract Base Classes (ABCs). You can then use :func:`isinstance` and :func:`issubclass` to check whether an instance or a class implements a particular ABC. The -:mod:`collections` modules defines a set of useful ABCs such as +:mod:`collections` module defines a set of useful ABCs such as :class:`Iterable`, :class:`Container`, and :class:`MutableMapping`. For Python, many of the advantages of interface specifications can be obtained diff --git a/Doc/faq/windows.rst b/Doc/faq/windows.rst index 8a209507732..6b37faf9b5b 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/windows.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/windows.rst @@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ A trick to get it to run an arbitrary file is to construct a call to :func:`execfile` with the name of your file as argument. Also note that you can not mix-and-match Debug and Release versions. If you -wish to use the Debug Multithreaded DLL, then your module *must* have an "_d" +wish to use the Debug Multithreaded DLL, then your module *must* have ``_d`` appended to the base name. diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging.rst b/Doc/howto/logging.rst index a7d6024a771..5ff0d74f6fb 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging.rst @@ -412,10 +412,10 @@ With the logger object configured, the following methods create log messages: :meth:`Logger.error`, and :meth:`Logger.critical` all create log records with a message and a level that corresponds to their respective method names. The message is actually a format string, which may contain the standard string - substitution syntax of :const:`%s`, :const:`%d`, :const:`%f`, and so on. The + substitution syntax of ``%s``, ``%d``, ``%f``, and so on. The rest of their arguments is a list of objects that correspond with the - substitution fields in the message. With regard to :const:`**kwargs`, the - logging methods care only about a keyword of :const:`exc_info` and use it to + substitution fields in the message. With regard to ``**kwargs``, the + logging methods care only about a keyword of ``exc_info`` and use it to determine whether to log exception information. * :meth:`Logger.exception` creates a log message similar to diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst index 8d602fed116..f1287298c44 100644 --- a/Doc/library/argparse.rst +++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ ArgumentParser objects conflicting optionals. * prog_ - The name of the program (default: - :data:`sys.argv[0]`) + ``sys.argv[0]``) * usage_ - The string describing the program usage (default: generated) From f3c7822ee5cffbdf6c39166ca162d7fe55f4ea2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2011 03:20:13 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 26/45] Adapt/remove mentions of functions gone in 3.x --- Doc/faq/programming.rst | 9 --------- Doc/faq/windows.rst | 2 +- Doc/glossary.rst | 2 +- 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/faq/programming.rst b/Doc/faq/programming.rst index 8b2f04790b2..d1a3dafce86 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/programming.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/programming.rst @@ -473,15 +473,6 @@ calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``:: ... g(x, *args, **kwargs) -In the unlikely case that you care about Python versions older than 2.0, use -:func:`apply`:: - - def f(x, *args, **kwargs): - ... - kwargs['width'] = '14.3c' - ... - apply(g, (x,)+args, kwargs) - How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)? --------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/Doc/faq/windows.rst b/Doc/faq/windows.rst index 6b37faf9b5b..68a1b5c153c 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/windows.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/windows.rst @@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ with multithreading-DLL options (``/MD``). If you can't change compilers or flags, try using :c:func:`Py_RunSimpleString`. A trick to get it to run an arbitrary file is to construct a call to -:func:`execfile` with the name of your file as argument. +:func:`exec` and :func:`open` with the name of your file as argument. Also note that you can not mix-and-match Debug and Release versions. If you wish to use the Debug Multithreaded DLL, then your module *must* have ``_d`` diff --git a/Doc/glossary.rst b/Doc/glossary.rst index 2003e0bc9a7..7e615816bcc 100644 --- a/Doc/glossary.rst +++ b/Doc/glossary.rst @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ Glossary :func:`builtins.open` and :func:`os.open` are distinguished by their namespaces. Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making it clear which module implements a function. For instance, writing - :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.izip` makes it clear that those + :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.islice` makes it clear that those functions are implemented by the :mod:`random` and :mod:`itertools` modules, respectively. From 7bb769c092f3cd4ed7640d1d5065edbfb1dfd45b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2011 05:55:26 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 27/45] Add version number for versionchanged directive (backport from 3.3) --- Doc/library/unittest.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.rst index beed4ded865..d3da895e9aa 100644 --- a/Doc/library/unittest.rst +++ b/Doc/library/unittest.rst @@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ Test cases Here, we create two instances of :class:`WidgetTestCase`, each of which runs a single test. - .. versionchanged:: - `TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method + .. versionchanged:: 3.2 + :class:`TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method name. This makes it easier to experiment with `TestCase` from the interactive interpreter. From d86ac4cd4e77fc3646b72f2eeb2aa5df83361f01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Thu, 1 Sep 2011 18:59:06 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 28/45] =?UTF-8?q?Document=20that=20format=20string=20don?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=99t=20support=20arbitrary=20dictonary=20keys.?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Text adapted from the PEP. Addition requested by Terry J. Reedy on 2011-02-23 on python-dev. --- Doc/library/string.rst | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst index 3f9ec0b7860..a367ca83e5c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/string.rst +++ b/Doc/library/string.rst @@ -217,6 +217,8 @@ keyword. If it's a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it's a ke it refers to a named keyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2, ... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order. +Because *arg_name* is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary +dictionary keys (e.g., the strings ``'10'`` or ``':-]'``) within a format string. The *arg_name* can be followed by any number of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form ``'.name'`` selects the named attribute using :func:`getattr`, while an expression of the form ``'[index]'`` From 335f204977dda691617fc3e2164930a0077a42e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sandro Tosi Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2011 20:06:31 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 29/45] #12781: Mention SO_REUSEADDR flag near socket examples --- Doc/library/socket.rst | 19 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+) diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst index d462bb77480..64b41835220 100644 --- a/Doc/library/socket.rst +++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst @@ -1014,6 +1014,25 @@ the interface:: s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF) +Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could +lead to this error:: + + socket.error: [Errno 98] Address already in use + +This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a ``TIME_WAIT`` +state, and can't be immediately reused. + +There is a :mod:`socket` flag to set, in order to prevent this, +:data:`socket.SO_REUSEADDR`:: + + s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) + s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) + s.bind((HOST, PORT)) + +the :data:`SO_REUSEADDR` flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in +``TIME_WAIT`` state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. + + .. seealso:: For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers: From 987b188615eb74eef0e61a21548560f74abf288d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C5=81ukasz=20Langa?= Date: Fri, 2 Sep 2011 23:17:39 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 30/45] removed misleading editing leftovers --- Doc/library/configparser.rst | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/configparser.rst b/Doc/library/configparser.rst index c84e4234056..b60e544899e 100644 --- a/Doc/library/configparser.rst +++ b/Doc/library/configparser.rst @@ -865,10 +865,6 @@ ConfigParser Objects Comments can be indented. When *inline_comment_prefixes* is given, it will be used as the set of substrings that prefix comments in non-empty lines. - line and inline comments. For backwards compatibility, the default value for - *comment_prefixes* is a special value that indicates that ``;`` and ``#`` can - start whole line comments while only ``;`` can start inline comments. - When *strict* is ``True`` (the default), the parser won't allow for any section or option duplicates while reading from a single source (file, string or dictionary), raising :exc:`DuplicateSectionError` or From a47e53e42ef9b930a90abc3c7f8456222bc444d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 09:26:09 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 31/45] Update sys.platform doc for #12326. --- Doc/library/sys.rst | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst index 7d631f497d6..7f3d82757cd 100644 --- a/Doc/library/sys.rst +++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst @@ -699,26 +699,36 @@ always available. This string contains a platform identifier that can be used to append platform-specific components to :data:`sys.path`, for instance. - For Unix systems, this is the lowercased OS name as returned by ``uname -s`` - with the first part of the version as returned by ``uname -r`` appended, - e.g. ``'sunos5'`` or ``'linux2'``, *at the time when Python was built*. - Unless you want to test for a specific system version, it is therefore - recommended to use the following idiom:: + For most Unix systems, this is the lowercased OS name as returned by ``uname + -s`` with the first part of the version as returned by ``uname -r`` appended, + e.g. ``'sunos5'``, *at the time when Python was built*. Unless you want to + test for a specific system version, it is therefore recommended to use the + following idiom:: - if sys.platform.startswith('linux'): + if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'): + # FreeBSD-specific code here... + elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'): # Linux-specific code here... + .. versionchanged:: 3.2.2 + Since lots of code check for ``sys.platform == 'linux2'``, and there is + no essential change between Linux 2.x and 3.x, ``sys.platform`` is always + set to ``'linux2'``, even on Linux 3.x. In Python 3.3 and later, the + value will always be set to ``'linux'``, so it is recommended to always + use the ``startswith`` idiom presented above. + For other systems, the values are: - ================ =========================== - System :data:`platform` value - ================ =========================== - Windows ``'win32'`` - Windows/Cygwin ``'cygwin'`` - Mac OS X ``'darwin'`` - OS/2 ``'os2'`` - OS/2 EMX ``'os2emx'`` - ================ =========================== + ====================== =========================== + System :data:`platform` value + ====================== =========================== + Linux (2.x *and* 3.x) ``'linux2'`` + Windows ``'win32'`` + Windows/Cygwin ``'cygwin'`` + Mac OS X ``'darwin'`` + OS/2 ``'os2'`` + OS/2 EMX ``'os2emx'`` + ====================== =========================== .. seealso:: :attr:`os.name` has a coarser granularity. :func:`os.uname` gives From 2513123d660346d5982f17229f64e8b42753e837 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 09:28:05 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 32/45] Update suspicious ignore file. --- Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv index 6dd17971c25..350af375522 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv +++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv @@ -193,10 +193,10 @@ documenting/rest,130,`,`Link text `_ documenting/rest,187,.. function:,.. function:: foo(x) documenting/rest,187,:bar,:bar: no documenting/rest,208,.. rubric:,.. rubric:: Footnotes -faq/programming,762,:reduce,"print((lambda Ru,Ro,Iu,Io,IM,Sx,Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,map(lambda y," -faq/programming,762,:reduce,"Sx=Sx,Sy=Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,map(lambda x,xc=Ru,yc=yc,Ru=Ru,Ro=Ro," -faq/programming,762,:chr,">=4.0) or 1+f(xc,yc,x*x-y*y+xc,2.0*x*y+yc,k-1,f):f(xc,yc,x,y,k,f):chr(" -faq/programming,1047,::,for x in sequence[::-1]: +faq/programming,,:reduce,"print((lambda Ru,Ro,Iu,Io,IM,Sx,Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,map(lambda y," +faq/programming,,:reduce,"Sx=Sx,Sy=Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,map(lambda x,xc=Ru,yc=yc,Ru=Ru,Ro=Ro," +faq/programming,,:chr,">=4.0) or 1+f(xc,yc,x*x-y*y+xc,2.0*x*y+yc,k-1,f):f(xc,yc,x,y,k,f):chr(" +faq/programming,,::,for x in sequence[::-1]: faq/windows,229,:EOF,@setlocal enableextensions & python -x %~f0 %* & goto :EOF faq/windows,393,:REG,.py :REG_SZ: c:\\python.exe -u %s %s library/bisect,32,:hi,all(val >= x for val in a[i:hi]) From fba5a943427a71eb9a6e6855e107ddd83b14e68c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2011 06:27:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 33/45] Refactor the copying of xxmodule.c in distutils tests (#12141). MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit I need to copy this file in another test too, so I moved the support code to distutils.tests.support and improved it: - don’t skip when run from the Lib/distutils/tests directory - use proper skip machinery instead of custom print/return/test suite fiddling. --- Lib/distutils/tests/support.py | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py | 28 +++--------------- 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py index e258d2e58dd..0e33827fe82 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py @@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ import os import shutil import tempfile +import unittest +import sysconfig from copy import deepcopy from distutils import log from distutils.log import DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL from distutils.core import Distribution + class LoggingSilencer(object): def setUp(self): @@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ def _format(msg, args): def clear_logs(self): self.logs = [] + class TempdirManager(object): """Mix-in class that handles temporary directories for test cases. @@ -97,6 +101,7 @@ def create_dist(self, pkg_name='foo', **kw): return pkg_dir, dist + class DummyCommand: """Class to store options for retrieval via set_undefined_options().""" @@ -107,6 +112,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs): def ensure_finalized(self): pass + class EnvironGuard(object): def setUp(self): @@ -123,3 +129,39 @@ def tearDown(self): del os.environ[key] super(EnvironGuard, self).tearDown() + + +def copy_xxmodule_c(directory): + """Helper for tests that need the xxmodule.c source file. + + Example use: + + def test_compile(self): + copy_xxmodule_c(self.tmpdir) + self.assertIn('xxmodule.c', os.listdir(self.tmpdir) + + If the source file can be found, it will be copied to *directory*. If not, + the test will be skipped. Errors during copy are not caught. + """ + filename = _get_xxmodule_path() + if filename is None: + raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot find xxmodule.c (test must run in ' + 'the python build dir)') + shutil.copy(filename, directory) + + +def _get_xxmodule_path(): + srcdir = sysconfig.get_config_var('srcdir') + candidates = [ + # use installed copy if available + os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'xxmodule.c'), + # otherwise try using copy from build directory + os.path.join(srcdir, 'Modules', 'xxmodule.c'), + # srcdir mysteriously can be $srcdir/Lib/distutils/tests when + # this file is run from its parent directory, so walk up the + # tree to find the real srcdir + os.path.join(srcdir, '..', '..', '..', 'Modules', 'xxmodule.c'), + ] + for path in candidates: + if os.path.exists(path): + return path diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py index 0ce7f0f81c8..de53afb1c3b 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py @@ -1,14 +1,13 @@ import sys import os -import shutil from io import StringIO import textwrap from distutils.core import Distribution from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext from distutils import sysconfig -from distutils.tests.support import TempdirManager -from distutils.tests.support import LoggingSilencer +from distutils.tests.support import (TempdirManager, LoggingSilencer, + copy_xxmodule_c) from distutils.extension import Extension from distutils.errors import ( CompileError, DistutilsPlatformError, DistutilsSetupError, @@ -16,20 +15,11 @@ import unittest from test import support -from test.support import run_unittest # http://bugs.python.org/issue4373 # Don't load the xx module more than once. ALREADY_TESTED = False -def _get_source_filename(): - # use installed copy if available - tests_f = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'xxmodule.c') - if os.path.exists(tests_f): - return tests_f - # otherwise try using copy from build directory - srcdir = sysconfig.get_config_var('srcdir') - return os.path.join(srcdir, 'Modules', 'xxmodule.c') class BuildExtTestCase(TempdirManager, LoggingSilencer, @@ -41,9 +31,6 @@ def setUp(self): self.tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp() self.sys_path = sys.path, sys.path[:] sys.path.append(self.tmp_dir) - filename = _get_source_filename() - if os.path.exists(filename): - shutil.copy(filename, self.tmp_dir) if sys.version > "2.6": import site self.old_user_base = site.USER_BASE @@ -72,9 +59,8 @@ def _fixup_command(self, cmd): def test_build_ext(self): global ALREADY_TESTED + copy_xxmodule_c(self.tmp_dir) xx_c = os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, 'xxmodule.c') - if not os.path.exists(xx_c): - return xx_ext = Extension('xx', [xx_c]) dist = Distribution({'name': 'xx', 'ext_modules': [xx_ext]}) dist.package_dir = self.tmp_dir @@ -518,13 +504,7 @@ def _try_compile_deployment_target(self, operator, target): def test_suite(): - src = _get_source_filename() - if not os.path.exists(src): - if support.verbose: - print('test_build_ext: Cannot find source code (test' - ' must run in python build dir)') - return unittest.TestSuite() - else: return unittest.makeSuite(BuildExtTestCase) + return unittest.makeSuite(BuildExtTestCase) if __name__ == '__main__': support.run_unittest(test_suite()) From e74e3cf1e10da0b7bd0100476831a0d650d7d3c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2011 17:02:07 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 34/45] Factor out the build_ext fixup for shared Python builds. I need this to fix the failing test_install. --- Lib/distutils/tests/support.py | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++ Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py | 31 ++++++--------------------- 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py index 0e33827fe82..562a65c8611 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ """Support code for distutils test cases.""" import os +import sys import shutil import tempfile import unittest @@ -165,3 +166,29 @@ def _get_xxmodule_path(): for path in candidates: if os.path.exists(path): return path + + +def fixup_build_ext(cmd): + """Function needed to make build_ext tests pass on shared builds. + + When Python was build with --enable-shared, -L. is not good enough to find + the libpython.so. This is because regrtest runs it under a tempdir, + not in the top level where the .so lives. By the time we've gotten here, + Python's already been chdir'd to the tempdir. This function work arounds + that. Example use: + + cmd = build_ext(dist) + support.fixup_build_ext(cmd) + cmd.ensure_finalized() + """ + # To further add to the fun, we can't just add library_dirs to the + # Extension() instance because that doesn't get plumbed through to the + # final compiler command. + if (sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') and + not sys.platform.startswith('win')): + runshared = sysconfig.get_config_var('RUNSHARED') + if runshared is None: + cmd.library_dirs = ['.'] + else: + name, equals, value = runshared.partition('=') + cmd.library_dirs = value.split(os.pathsep) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py index de53afb1c3b..8eb59b4d2e8 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext from distutils import sysconfig from distutils.tests.support import (TempdirManager, LoggingSilencer, - copy_xxmodule_c) + copy_xxmodule_c, fixup_build_ext) from distutils.extension import Extension from distutils.errors import ( CompileError, DistutilsPlatformError, DistutilsSetupError, @@ -38,25 +38,6 @@ def setUp(self): from distutils.command import build_ext build_ext.USER_BASE = site.USER_BASE - def _fixup_command(self, cmd): - # When Python was build with --enable-shared, -L. is not good enough - # to find the libpython.so. This is because regrtest runs it - # under a tempdir, not in the top level where the .so lives. By the - # time we've gotten here, Python's already been chdir'd to the - # tempdir. - # - # To further add to the fun, we can't just add library_dirs to the - # Extension() instance because that doesn't get plumbed through to the - # final compiler command. - if (sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') and - not sys.platform.startswith('win')): - runshared = sysconfig.get_config_var('RUNSHARED') - if runshared is None: - cmd.library_dirs = ['.'] - else: - name, equals, value = runshared.partition('=') - cmd.library_dirs = value.split(os.pathsep) - def test_build_ext(self): global ALREADY_TESTED copy_xxmodule_c(self.tmp_dir) @@ -65,7 +46,7 @@ def test_build_ext(self): dist = Distribution({'name': 'xx', 'ext_modules': [xx_ext]}) dist.package_dir = self.tmp_dir cmd = build_ext(dist) - self._fixup_command(cmd) + fixup_build_ext(cmd) if os.name == "nt": # On Windows, we must build a debug version iff running # a debug build of Python @@ -162,9 +143,9 @@ def test_user_site(self): # see if include_dirs and library_dirs # were set - self.assertTrue(lib in cmd.library_dirs) - self.assertTrue(lib in cmd.rpath) - self.assertTrue(incl in cmd.include_dirs) + self.assertIn(lib, cmd.library_dirs) + self.assertIn(lib, cmd.rpath) + self.assertIn(incl, cmd.include_dirs) def test_optional_extension(self): @@ -320,7 +301,7 @@ def test_get_outputs(self): dist = Distribution({'name': 'xx', 'ext_modules': [ext]}) cmd = build_ext(dist) - self._fixup_command(cmd) + fixup_build_ext(cmd) cmd.ensure_finalized() self.assertEqual(len(cmd.get_outputs()), 1) From 3c2ec8e52b1ddcd4c31eca2d17912aad078a61a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2011 07:00:41 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 35/45] Rework test_record a bit to make the test more exact --- Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py | 22 ++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py index ed69b0cbb06..3e47d819fe1 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@ """Tests for distutils.command.install.""" import os -import os.path import sys import unittest import site @@ -167,33 +166,36 @@ def test_finalize_options(self): self.assertRaises(DistutilsOptionError, cmd.finalize_options) def test_record(self): - install_dir = self.mkdtemp() - pkgdir, dist = self.create_dist() + project_dir, dist = self.create_dist(scripts=['hello']) + self.addCleanup(os.chdir, os.getcwd()) + os.chdir(project_dir) + self.write_file('hello', "print('o hai')") - dist = Distribution() cmd = install(dist) dist.command_obj['install'] = cmd cmd.root = install_dir - cmd.record = os.path.join(pkgdir, 'RECORD') + cmd.record = os.path.join(project_dir, 'RECORD') cmd.ensure_finalized() - cmd.run() - # let's check the RECORD file was created with one - # line (the egg info file) f = open(cmd.record) try: - self.assertEqual(len(f.readlines()), 1) + content = f.read() finally: f.close() + found = [os.path.basename(line) for line in content.splitlines()] + expected = ['hello', + 'UNKNOWN-0.0.0-py%s.%s.egg-info' % sys.version_info[:2]] + self.assertEqual(found, expected) + def test_debug_mode(self): # this covers the code called when DEBUG is set old_logs_len = len(self.logs) install_module.DEBUG = True try: - with captured_stdout() as stdout: + with captured_stdout(): self.test_record() finally: install_module.DEBUG = False From 6b32ecff20b75ff63396daf6a0cda25d8462fc87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2011 07:08:51 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 36/45] Add a test for extension modules in the distutils record file. MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit I made a note a month ago that install --record wrote incorrect entries for extension modules (I think the problem was that the first character of the file was stripped), so I’m now adding a test to try to reproduce that in the current versions. --- Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py index 3e47d819fe1..2133fa79162 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py @@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ from test.support import captured_stdout, run_unittest +from distutils import sysconfig from distutils.command.install import install from distutils.command import install as install_module +from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES from distutils.core import Distribution from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError +from distutils.extension import Extension from distutils.tests import support @@ -190,6 +193,36 @@ def test_record(self): 'UNKNOWN-0.0.0-py%s.%s.egg-info' % sys.version_info[:2]] self.assertEqual(found, expected) + def test_record_extensions(self): + install_dir = self.mkdtemp() + project_dir, dist = self.create_dist(ext_modules=[ + Extension('xx', ['xxmodule.c'])]) + self.addCleanup(os.chdir, os.getcwd()) + os.chdir(project_dir) + support.copy_xxmodule_c(project_dir) + + buildcmd = build_ext(dist) + buildcmd.ensure_finalized() + buildcmd.run() + + cmd = install(dist) + dist.command_obj['install'] = cmd + cmd.root = install_dir + cmd.record = os.path.join(project_dir, 'RECORD') + cmd.ensure_finalized() + cmd.run() + + f = open(cmd.record) + try: + content = f.read() + finally: + f.close() + + found = [os.path.basename(line) for line in content.splitlines()] + expected = ['xx%s' % sysconfig.get_config_var('SO'), + 'UNKNOWN-0.0.0-py%s.%s.egg-info' % sys.version_info[:2]] + self.assertEqual(found, expected) + def test_debug_mode(self): # this covers the code called when DEBUG is set old_logs_len = len(self.logs) From a031abc166e2426a90d838a8106abe3148965404 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2011 17:03:19 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 37/45] Fix distutils test_install for shared CPython builds --- Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py index 2133fa79162..e065aa3dcd0 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py @@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ def test_record_extensions(self): support.copy_xxmodule_c(project_dir) buildcmd = build_ext(dist) + support.fixup_build_ext(buildcmd) buildcmd.ensure_finalized() buildcmd.run() From ce9da2ffa6fefe772f1a4209f01ef12e7d5d8cc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nadeem Vawda Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2011 22:35:41 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 38/45] Issue #12678: Fix distutils sdist test on Windows. Patch by Jeremy Kloth. --- Lib/distutils/tests/test_sdist.py | 1 + Misc/ACKS | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_sdist.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_sdist.py index 440af9886cc..f34f786c927 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_sdist.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_sdist.py @@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ def test_manifest_comments(self): def test_manual_manifest(self): # check that a MANIFEST without a marker is left alone dist, cmd = self.get_cmd() + cmd.formats = ['gztar'] cmd.ensure_finalized() self.write_file((self.tmp_dir, cmd.manifest), 'README.manual') self.write_file((self.tmp_dir, 'README.manual'), diff --git a/Misc/ACKS b/Misc/ACKS index add8c617a7f..7096d728d28 100644 --- a/Misc/ACKS +++ b/Misc/ACKS @@ -484,6 +484,7 @@ Reid Kleckner Bastian Kleineidam Bob Kline Matthias Klose +Jeremy Kloth Kim Knapp Lenny Kneler Pat Knight From c3085aa77b123e8eb56e0f215d56ff11e3a99985 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2011 01:29:10 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 39/45] Fix distutils tests on Windows (#12678). MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit - First, support.fixup_build_ext (already used to set proper library_dirs value under Unix shared builds) gains the ability to correctly set the debug attribute under Windows debug builds. - Second, the filename for the extension module gets a _d suffix under debug builds. - Third, the test code properly puts our customized build_ext object into an internal dictionary to make sure that the install command will later use our object instead of re-creating one. That’s the downside of using low-level APIs in our test code: we have to manually push knobs and turn handles that would otherwise be handled behind the scenes. Thanks to Nadeem for the testing. --- Lib/distutils/tests/support.py | 28 ++++++++++++++++----------- Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py | 7 ------- Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py | 18 ++++++++++++----- 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py index 562a65c8611..7a76ca05a04 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py @@ -169,23 +169,29 @@ def _get_xxmodule_path(): def fixup_build_ext(cmd): - """Function needed to make build_ext tests pass on shared builds. + """Function needed to make build_ext tests pass. - When Python was build with --enable-shared, -L. is not good enough to find - the libpython.so. This is because regrtest runs it under a tempdir, - not in the top level where the .so lives. By the time we've gotten here, - Python's already been chdir'd to the tempdir. This function work arounds - that. Example use: + When Python was build with --enable-shared on Unix, -L. is not good + enough to find the libpython.so. This is because regrtest runs + it under a tempdir, not in the top level where the .so lives. By the + time we've gotten here, Python's already been chdir'd to the tempdir. + + When Python was built with in debug mode on Windows, build_ext commands + need their debug attribute set, and it is not done automatically for + some reason. + + This function handles both of these things. Example use: cmd = build_ext(dist) support.fixup_build_ext(cmd) cmd.ensure_finalized() """ - # To further add to the fun, we can't just add library_dirs to the - # Extension() instance because that doesn't get plumbed through to the - # final compiler command. - if (sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') and - not sys.platform.startswith('win')): + if os.name == 'nt': + cmd.debug = sys.executable.endswith('_d.exe') + elif sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'): + # To further add to the shared builds fun on Unix, we can't just add + # library_dirs to the Extension() instance because that doesn't get + # plumbed through to the final compiler command. runshared = sysconfig.get_config_var('RUNSHARED') if runshared is None: cmd.library_dirs = ['.'] diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py index 8eb59b4d2e8..18274376288 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_build_ext.py @@ -47,10 +47,6 @@ def test_build_ext(self): dist.package_dir = self.tmp_dir cmd = build_ext(dist) fixup_build_ext(cmd) - if os.name == "nt": - # On Windows, we must build a debug version iff running - # a debug build of Python - cmd.debug = sys.executable.endswith("_d.exe") cmd.build_lib = self.tmp_dir cmd.build_temp = self.tmp_dir @@ -305,9 +301,6 @@ def test_get_outputs(self): cmd.ensure_finalized() self.assertEqual(len(cmd.get_outputs()), 1) - if os.name == "nt": - cmd.debug = sys.executable.endswith("_d.exe") - cmd.build_lib = os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, 'build') cmd.build_temp = os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, 'tempt') diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py index e065aa3dcd0..5c105af95ae 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_install.py @@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ from distutils.tests import support + +def _make_ext_name(modname): + if os.name == 'nt': + if sys.executable.endswith('_d.exe'): + modname += '_d' + return modname + sysconfig.get_config_var('SO') + + class InstallTestCase(support.TempdirManager, support.EnvironGuard, support.LoggingSilencer, @@ -201,13 +209,13 @@ def test_record_extensions(self): os.chdir(project_dir) support.copy_xxmodule_c(project_dir) - buildcmd = build_ext(dist) - support.fixup_build_ext(buildcmd) - buildcmd.ensure_finalized() - buildcmd.run() + buildextcmd = build_ext(dist) + support.fixup_build_ext(buildextcmd) + buildextcmd.ensure_finalized() cmd = install(dist) dist.command_obj['install'] = cmd + dist.command_obj['build_ext'] = buildextcmd cmd.root = install_dir cmd.record = os.path.join(project_dir, 'RECORD') cmd.ensure_finalized() @@ -220,7 +228,7 @@ def test_record_extensions(self): f.close() found = [os.path.basename(line) for line in content.splitlines()] - expected = ['xx%s' % sysconfig.get_config_var('SO'), + expected = [_make_ext_name('xx'), 'UNKNOWN-0.0.0-py%s.%s.egg-info' % sys.version_info[:2]] self.assertEqual(found, expected) From d5a9811dbe89e52e6c4d0bb389154afd72fabb13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89ric=20Araujo?= Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 21:48:39 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 40/45] Make bdist_* commands respect --skip-build passed to bdist (#10946) --- Lib/distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py | 5 +-- Lib/distutils/command/bdist_msi.py | 6 +++- Lib/distutils/command/bdist_wininst.py | 6 +++- Lib/distutils/tests/test_bdist.py | 48 +++++++++++++++----------- Misc/NEWS | 3 ++ 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py index 170e8894616..1ab09d16163 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def initialize_options(self): self.format = None self.keep_temp = 0 self.dist_dir = None - self.skip_build = 0 + self.skip_build = None self.relative = 0 def finalize_options(self): @@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ def finalize_options(self): self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'), - ('plat_name', 'plat_name')) + ('plat_name', 'plat_name'), + ('skip_build', 'skip_build')) def run(self): if not self.skip_build: diff --git a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_msi.py b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_msi.py index b11957a7dc4..b3cfe9ceff7 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_msi.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_msi.py @@ -130,18 +130,22 @@ def initialize_options(self): self.no_target_optimize = 0 self.target_version = None self.dist_dir = None - self.skip_build = 0 + self.skip_build = None self.install_script = None self.pre_install_script = None self.versions = None def finalize_options(self): + self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('skip_build', 'skip_build')) + if self.bdist_dir is None: bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'msi') + short_version = get_python_version() if (not self.target_version) and self.distribution.has_ext_modules(): self.target_version = short_version + if self.target_version: self.versions = [self.target_version] if not self.skip_build and self.distribution.has_ext_modules()\ diff --git a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_wininst.py b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_wininst.py index b7916e31a1e..e3ed3ad82c1 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_wininst.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/command/bdist_wininst.py @@ -65,13 +65,15 @@ def initialize_options(self): self.dist_dir = None self.bitmap = None self.title = None - self.skip_build = 0 + self.skip_build = None self.install_script = None self.pre_install_script = None self.user_access_control = None def finalize_options(self): + self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('skip_build', 'skip_build')) + if self.bdist_dir is None: if self.skip_build and self.plat_name: # If build is skipped and plat_name is overridden, bdist will @@ -81,8 +83,10 @@ def finalize_options(self): # next the command will be initialized using that name bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'wininst') + if not self.target_version: self.target_version = "" + if not self.skip_build and self.distribution.has_ext_modules(): short_version = get_python_version() if self.target_version and self.target_version != short_version: diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_bdist.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_bdist.py index 94d40cc25b3..503a6e857df 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/test_bdist.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/test_bdist.py @@ -1,41 +1,47 @@ """Tests for distutils.command.bdist.""" -import unittest -import sys import os -import tempfile -import shutil +import unittest from test.support import run_unittest -from distutils.core import Distribution from distutils.command.bdist import bdist from distutils.tests import support -from distutils.spawn import find_executable -from distutils import spawn -from distutils.errors import DistutilsExecError + class BuildTestCase(support.TempdirManager, unittest.TestCase): def test_formats(self): - # let's create a command and make sure - # we can fix the format - pkg_pth, dist = self.create_dist() + # we can set the format + dist = self.create_dist()[1] cmd = bdist(dist) cmd.formats = ['msi'] cmd.ensure_finalized() self.assertEqual(cmd.formats, ['msi']) - # what format bdist offers ? - # XXX an explicit list in bdist is - # not the best way to bdist_* commands - # we should add a registry - formats = ['rpm', 'zip', 'gztar', 'bztar', 'ztar', - 'tar', 'wininst', 'msi'] - formats.sort() - founded = list(cmd.format_command.keys()) - founded.sort() - self.assertEqual(founded, formats) + # what formats does bdist offer? + formats = ['bztar', 'gztar', 'msi', 'rpm', 'tar', + 'wininst', 'zip', 'ztar'] + found = sorted(cmd.format_command) + self.assertEqual(found, formats) + + def test_skip_build(self): + # bug #10946: bdist --skip-build should trickle down to subcommands + dist = self.create_dist()[1] + cmd = bdist(dist) + cmd.skip_build = 1 + cmd.ensure_finalized() + dist.command_obj['bdist'] = cmd + + names = ['bdist_dumb', 'bdist_wininst'] # bdist_rpm does not support --skip-build + if os.name == 'nt': + names.append('bdist_msi') + + for name in names: + subcmd = cmd.get_finalized_command(name) + self.assertTrue(subcmd.skip_build, + '%s should take --skip-build from bdist' % name) + def test_suite(): return unittest.makeSuite(BuildTestCase) diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 12813668ced..554aa670b9a 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ Core and Builtins Library ------- +- Issue #10946: The distutils commands bdist_dumb, bdist_wininst and bdist_msi + now respect a --skip-build option given to bdist. + - Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch. Fix by Richard M. Tew. From f1961e8b5f830a3a05c4af59251a3f8a62319b94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 10:37:09 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 41/45] Regenerate pydoc topics. --- Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py index a4c457c6ea4..e9d7d0640b3 100644 --- a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py +++ b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sat Aug 13 11:28:40 2011 +# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sat Sep 3 10:35:42 2011 topics = {'assert': '\nThe ``assert`` statement\n************************\n\nAssert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions\ninto a program:\n\n assert_stmt ::= "assert" expression ["," expression]\n\nThe simple form, ``assert expression``, is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression: raise AssertionError\n\nThe extended form, ``assert expression1, expression2``, is equivalent\nto\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)\n\nThese equivalences assume that ``__debug__`` and ``AssertionError``\nrefer to the built-in variables with those names. In the current\nimplementation, the built-in variable ``__debug__`` is ``True`` under\nnormal circumstances, ``False`` when optimization is requested\n(command line option -O). The current code generator emits no code\nfor an assert statement when optimization is requested at compile\ntime. Note that it is unnecessary to include the source code for the\nexpression that failed in the error message; it will be displayed as\npart of the stack trace.\n\nAssignments to ``__debug__`` are illegal. The value for the built-in\nvariable is determined when the interpreter starts.\n', 'assignment': '\nAssignment statements\n*********************\n\nAssignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to\nmodify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n\n assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (expression_list | yield_expression)\n target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n target ::= identifier\n | "(" target_list ")"\n | "[" target_list "]"\n | attributeref\n | subscription\n | slicing\n | "*" target\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that\nthis can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter\nyielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of\nthe target lists, from left to right.\n\nAssignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target\n(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute\nreference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\nultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and\nmay raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules\nobserved by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the\ndefinition of the object types (see section *The standard type\nhierarchy*).\n\nAssignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed in\nparentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as follows.\n\n* If the target list is a single target: The object is assigned to\n that target.\n\n* If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: The object\n must be an iterable with the same number of items as there are\n targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from left to\n right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n * If the target list contains one target prefixed with an asterisk,\n called a "starred" target: The object must be a sequence with at\n least as many items as there are targets in the target list, minus\n one. The first items of the sequence are assigned, from left to\n right, to the targets before the starred target. The final items\n of the sequence are assigned to the targets after the starred\n target. A list of the remaining items in the sequence is then\n assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty).\n\n * Else: The object must be a sequence with the same number of items\n as there are targets in the target list, and the items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\nAssignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target is an identifier (name):\n\n * If the name does not occur in a ``global`` or ``nonlocal``\n statement in the current code block: the name is bound to the\n object in the current local namespace.\n\n * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global namespace\n or the outer namespace determined by ``nonlocal``, respectively.\n\n The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the\n reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach\n zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it\n has one) to be called.\n\n* If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or in square\n brackets: The object must be an iterable with the same number of\n items as there are targets in the target list, and its items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in\n the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n assignable attributes; if this is not the case, ``TypeError`` is\n raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to\n the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises\n an exception (usually but not necessarily ``AttributeError``).\n\n Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference\n occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the RHS expression,\n ``a.x`` can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance\n attribute exists) a class attribute. The LHS target ``a.x`` is\n always set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary.\n Thus, the two occurrences of ``a.x`` do not necessarily refer to the\n same attribute: if the RHS expression refers to a class attribute,\n the LHS creates a new instance attribute as the target of the\n assignment:\n\n class Cls:\n x = 3 # class variable\n inst = Cls()\n inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3\n\n This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n attributes, such as properties created with ``property()``.\n\n* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence\n object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary).\n Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n\n If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the\n subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the sequence\'s\n length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative\n integer less than the sequence\'s length, and the sequence is asked\n to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. If the\n index is out of range, ``IndexError`` is raised (assignment to a\n subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list).\n\n If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the\n subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping\'s key type,\n and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps\n the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an\n existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new\n key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n\n For user-defined objects, the ``__setitem__()`` method is called\n with appropriate arguments.\n\n* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the reference\n is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object (such as a\n list). The assigned object should be a sequence object of the same\n type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are evaluated,\n insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the sequence\'s\n length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If either bound is\n negative, the sequence\'s length is added to it. The resulting\n bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence\'s length,\n inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace the\n slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of the\n slice may be different from the length of the assigned sequence,\n thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the object\n allows it.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** In the current implementation, the\nsyntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and\ninvalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing\nless detailed error messages.\n\nWARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps\nbetween the left-hand side and the right-hand side are \'safe\' (for\nexample ``a, b = b, a`` swaps two variables), overlaps *within* the\ncollection of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the\nfollowing program prints ``[0, 2]``:\n\n x = [0, 1]\n i = 0\n i, x[i] = 1, 2\n print(x)\n\nSee also:\n\n **PEP 3132** - Extended Iterable Unpacking\n The specification for the ``*target`` feature.\n\n\nAugmented assignment statements\n===============================\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like ``x += 1`` can be rewritten as\n``x = x + 1`` to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In\nthe augmented version, ``x`` is only evaluated once. Also, when\npossible, the actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that\nrather than creating a new object and assigning that to the target,\nthe old object is modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same *caveat about\nclass and instance attributes* applies as for regular assignments.\n', 'atom-identifiers': '\nIdentifiers (Names)\n*******************\n\nAn identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See section\n*Identifiers and keywords* for lexical definition and section *Naming\nand binding* for documentation of naming and binding.\n\nWhen the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields\nthat object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it\nraises a ``NameError`` exception.\n\n**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in\na class definition begins with two or more underscore characters and\ndoes not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a *private\nname* of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form\nbefore code is generated for them. The transformation inserts the\nclass name in front of the name, with leading underscores removed, and\na single underscore inserted in front of the class name. For example,\nthe identifier ``__spam`` occurring in a class named ``Ham`` will be\ntransformed to ``_Ham__spam``. This transformation is independent of\nthe syntactical context in which the identifier is used. If the\ntransformed name is extremely long (longer than 255 characters),\nimplementation defined truncation may happen. If the class name\nconsists only of underscores, no transformation is done.\n', @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ 'exprlists': '\nExpression lists\n****************\n\n expression_list ::= expression ( "," expression )* [","]\n\nAn expression list containing at least one comma yields a tuple. The\nlength of the tuple is the number of expressions in the list. The\nexpressions are evaluated from left to right.\n\nThe trailing comma is required only to create a single tuple (a.k.a. a\n*singleton*); it is optional in all other cases. A single expression\nwithout a trailing comma doesn\'t create a tuple, but rather yields the\nvalue of that expression. (To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair\nof parentheses: ``()``.)\n', 'floating': '\nFloating point literals\n***********************\n\nFloating point literals are described by the following lexical\ndefinitions:\n\n floatnumber ::= pointfloat | exponentfloat\n pointfloat ::= [intpart] fraction | intpart "."\n exponentfloat ::= (intpart | pointfloat) exponent\n intpart ::= digit+\n fraction ::= "." digit+\n exponent ::= ("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] digit+\n\nNote that the integer and exponent parts are always interpreted using\nradix 10. For example, ``077e010`` is legal, and denotes the same\nnumber as ``77e10``. The allowed range of floating point literals is\nimplementation-dependent. Some examples of floating point literals:\n\n 3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10 0e0\n\nNote that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like ``-1``\nis actually an expression composed of the unary operator ``-`` and the\nliteral ``1``.\n', 'for': '\nThe ``for`` statement\n*********************\n\nThe ``for`` statement is used to iterate over the elements of a\nsequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n\n for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThe expression list is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable\nobject. An iterator is created for the result of the\n``expression_list``. The suite is then executed once for each item\nprovided by the iterator, in the order of ascending indices. Each\nitem in turn is assigned to the target list using the standard rules\nfor assignments (see *Assignment statements*), and then the suite is\nexecuted. When the items are exhausted (which is immediately when the\nsequence is empty or an iterator raises a ``StopIteration``\nexception), the suite in the ``else`` clause, if present, is executed,\nand the loop terminates.\n\nA ``break`` statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the ``else`` clause\'s suite. A ``continue``\nstatement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and\ncontinues with the next item, or with the ``else`` clause if there was\nno next item.\n\nThe suite may assign to the variable(s) in the target list; this does\nnot affect the next item assigned to it.\n\nNames in the target list are not deleted when the loop is finished,\nbut if the sequence is empty, it will not have been assigned to at all\nby the loop. Hint: the built-in function ``range()`` returns an\niterator of integers suitable to emulate the effect of Pascal\'s ``for\ni := a to b do``; e.g., ``list(range(3))`` returns the list ``[0, 1,\n2]``.\n\nNote: There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the loop\n (this can only occur for mutable sequences, i.e. lists). An\n internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next,\n and this is incremented on each iteration. When this counter has\n reached the length of the sequence the loop terminates. This means\n that if the suite deletes the current (or a previous) item from the\n sequence, the next item will be skipped (since it gets the index of\n the current item which has already been treated). Likewise, if the\n suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the\n current item will be treated again the next time through the loop.\n This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a\n temporary copy using a slice of the whole sequence, e.g.,\n\n for x in a[:]:\n if x < 0: a.remove(x)\n', - 'formatstrings': '\nFormat String Syntax\n********************\n\nThe ``str.format()`` method and the ``Formatter`` class share the same\nsyntax for format strings (although in the case of ``Formatter``,\nsubclasses can define their own format string syntax).\n\nFormat strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces\n``{}``. Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal\ntext, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include\na brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling:\n``{{`` and ``}}``.\n\nThe grammar for a replacement field is as follows:\n\n replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"\n field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")*\n arg_name ::= [identifier | integer]\n attribute_name ::= identifier\n element_index ::= integer | index_string\n index_string ::= +\n conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"\n format_spec ::= \n\nIn less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a\n*field_name* that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted\nand inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The\n*field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* field, which is\npreceded by an exclamation point ``\'!\'``, and a *format_spec*, which\nis preceded by a colon ``\':\'``. These specify a non-default format\nfor the replacement value.\n\nSee also the *Format Specification Mini-Language* section.\n\nThe *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either\neither a number or a keyword. If it\'s a number, it refers to a\npositional argument, and if it\'s a keyword, it refers to a named\nkeyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are\n0, 1, 2, ... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and\nthe numbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order.\nThe *arg_name* can be followed by any number of index or attribute\nexpressions. An expression of the form ``\'.name\'`` selects the named\nattribute using ``getattr()``, while an expression of the form\n``\'[index]\'`` does an index lookup using ``__getitem__()``.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers can be\nomitted, so ``\'{} {}\'`` is equivalent to ``\'{0} {1}\'``.\n\nSome simple format string examples:\n\n "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument\n "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument\n "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}"\n "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument \'name\'\n "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # \'weight\' attribute of first positional arg\n "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument \'players\'.\n\nThe *conversion* field causes a type coercion before formatting.\nNormally, the job of formatting a value is done by the\n``__format__()`` method of the value itself. However, in some cases\nit is desirable to force a type to be formatted as a string,\noverriding its own definition of formatting. By converting the value\nto a string before calling ``__format__()``, the normal formatting\nlogic is bypassed.\n\nThree conversion flags are currently supported: ``\'!s\'`` which calls\n``str()`` on the value, ``\'!r\'`` which calls ``repr()`` and ``\'!a\'``\nwhich calls ``ascii()``.\n\nSome examples:\n\n "Harold\'s a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first\n "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first\n "More {!a}" # Calls ascii() on the argument first\n\nThe *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the value\nshould be presented, including such details as field width, alignment,\npadding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its\nown "formatting mini-language" or interpretation of the *format_spec*.\n\nMost built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which\nis described in the next section.\n\nA *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement fields\nwithin it. These nested replacement fields can contain only a field\nname; conversion flags and format specifications are not allowed. The\nreplacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the\n*format_spec* string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a\nvalue to be dynamically specified.\n\nSee the *Format examples* section for some examples.\n\n\nFormat Specification Mini-Language\n==================================\n\n"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained\nwithin a format string to define how individual values are presented\n(see *Format String Syntax*). They can also be passed directly to the\nbuilt-in ``format()`` function. Each formattable type may define how\nthe format specification is to be interpreted.\n\nMost built-in types implement the following options for format\nspecifications, although some of the formatting options are only\nsupported by the numeric types.\n\nA general convention is that an empty format string (``""``) produces\nthe same result as if you had called ``str()`` on the value. A non-\nempty format string typically modifies the result.\n\nThe general form of a *standard format specifier* is:\n\n format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]\n fill ::= \n align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"\n sign ::= "+" | "-" | " "\n width ::= integer\n precision ::= integer\n type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"\n\nThe *fill* character can be any character other than \'{\' or \'}\'. The\npresence of a fill character is signaled by the character following\nit, which must be one of the alignment options. If the second\ncharacter of *format_spec* is not a valid alignment option, then it is\nassumed that both the fill character and the alignment option are\nabsent.\n\nThe meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'<\'`` | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for most objects). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'>\'`` | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for numbers). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'=\'`` | Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) |\n | | but before the digits. This is used for printing fields |\n | | in the form \'+000000120\'. This alignment option is only |\n | | valid for numeric types. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'^\'`` | Forces the field to be centered within the available |\n | | space. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width\nwill always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the\nalignment option has no meaning in this case.\n\nThe *sign* option is only valid for number types, and can be one of\nthe following:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'+\'`` | indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as |\n | | well as negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'-\'`` | indicates that a sign should be used only for negative |\n | | numbers (this is the default behavior). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | space | indicates that a leading space should be used on positive |\n | | numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe ``\'#\'`` option causes the "alternate form" to be used for the\nconversion. The alternate form is defined differently for different\ntypes. This option is only valid for integer, float, complex and\nDecimal types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal output\nis used, this option adds the prefix respective ``\'0b\'``, ``\'0o\'``, or\n``\'0x\'`` to the output value. For floats, complex and Decimal the\nalternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain a\ndecimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a\ndecimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions\nonly if a digit follows it. In addition, for ``\'g\'`` and ``\'G\'``\nconversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.\n\nThe ``\',\'`` option signals the use of a comma for a thousands\nseparator. For a locale aware separator, use the ``\'n\'`` integer\npresentation type instead.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: Added the ``\',\'`` option (see also **PEP\n378**).\n\n*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not\nspecified, then the field width will be determined by the content.\n\nIf the *width* field is preceded by a zero (``\'0\'``) character, this\nenables zero-padding. This is equivalent to an *alignment* type of\n``\'=\'`` and a *fill* character of ``\'0\'``.\n\nThe *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should\nbe displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value\nformatted with ``\'f\'`` and ``\'F\'``, or before and after the decimal\npoint for a floating point value formatted with ``\'g\'`` or ``\'G\'``.\nFor non-number types the field indicates the maximum field size - in\nother words, how many characters will be used from the field content.\nThe *precision* is not allowed for integer values.\n\nFinally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented.\n\nThe available string presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'s\'`` | String format. This is the default type for strings and |\n | | may be omitted. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as ``\'s\'``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe available integer presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'b\'`` | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'c\'`` | Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding |\n | | unicode character before printing. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'d\'`` | Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'o\'`` | Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'x\'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'X\'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'n\'`` | Number. This is the same as ``\'d\'``, except that it uses |\n | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate |\n | | number separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as ``\'d\'``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted\nwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except\n``\'n\'`` and None). When doing so, ``float()`` is used to convert the\ninteger to a floating point number before formatting.\n\nThe available presentation types for floating point and decimal values\nare:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'e\'`` | Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific |\n | | notation using the letter \'e\' to indicate the exponent. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'E\'`` | Exponent notation. Same as ``\'e\'`` except it uses an upper |\n | | case \'E\' as the separator character. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'f\'`` | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point number. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'F\'`` | Fixed point. Same as ``\'f\'``, but converts ``nan`` to |\n | | ``NAN`` and ``inf`` to ``INF``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'g\'`` | General format. For a given precision ``p >= 1``, this |\n | | rounds the number to ``p`` significant digits and then |\n | | formats the result in either fixed-point format or in |\n | | scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The |\n | | precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result |\n | | formatted with presentation type ``\'e\'`` and precision |\n | | ``p-1`` would have exponent ``exp``. Then if ``-4 <= exp |\n | | < p``, the number is formatted with presentation type |\n | | ``\'f\'`` and precision ``p-1-exp``. Otherwise, the number |\n | | is formatted with presentation type ``\'e\'`` and precision |\n | | ``p-1``. In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are |\n | | removed from the significand, and the decimal point is |\n | | also removed if there are no remaining digits following |\n | | it. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative |\n | | zero, and nans, are formatted as ``inf``, ``-inf``, ``0``, |\n | | ``-0`` and ``nan`` respectively, regardless of the |\n | | precision. A precision of ``0`` is treated as equivalent |\n | | to a precision of ``1``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'G\'`` | General format. Same as ``\'g\'`` except switches to ``\'E\'`` |\n | | if the number gets too large. The representations of |\n | | infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'n\'`` | Number. This is the same as ``\'g\'``, except that it uses |\n | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate |\n | | number separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'%\'`` | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in |\n | | fixed (``\'f\'``) format, followed by a percent sign. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | Similar to ``\'g\'``, except with at least one digit past |\n | | the decimal point and a default precision of 12. This is |\n | | intended to match ``str()``, except you can add the other |\n | | format modifiers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n\nFormat examples\n===============\n\nThis section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison\nwith the old ``%``-formatting.\n\nIn most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old\n``%``-formatting, with the addition of the ``{}`` and with ``:`` used\ninstead of ``%``. For example, ``\'%03.2f\'`` can be translated to\n``\'{:03.2f}\'``.\n\nThe new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown\nin the follow examples.\n\nAccessing arguments by position:\n\n >>> \'{0}, {1}, {2}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{}, {}, {}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\') # 3.1+ only\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(*\'abc\') # unpacking argument sequence\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{0}{1}{0}\'.format(\'abra\', \'cad\') # arguments\' indices can be repeated\n \'abracadabra\'\n\nAccessing arguments by name:\n\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(latitude=\'37.24N\', longitude=\'-115.81W\')\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n >>> coord = {\'latitude\': \'37.24N\', \'longitude\': \'-115.81W\'}\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(**coord)\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' attributes:\n\n >>> c = 3-5j\n >>> (\'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} \'\n ... \'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.\').format(c)\n \'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.\'\n >>> class Point:\n ... def __init__(self, x, y):\n ... self.x, self.y = x, y\n ... def __str__(self):\n ... return \'Point({self.x}, {self.y})\'.format(self=self)\n ...\n >>> str(Point(4, 2))\n \'Point(4, 2)\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' items:\n\n >>> coord = (3, 5)\n >>> \'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}\'.format(coord)\n \'X: 3; Y: 5\'\n\nReplacing ``%s`` and ``%r``:\n\n >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn\'t: {!s}".format(\'test1\', \'test2\')\n "repr() shows quotes: \'test1\'; str() doesn\'t: test2"\n\nAligning the text and specifying a width:\n\n >>> \'{:<30}\'.format(\'left aligned\')\n \'left aligned \'\n >>> \'{:>30}\'.format(\'right aligned\')\n \' right aligned\'\n >>> \'{:^30}\'.format(\'centered\')\n \' centered \'\n >>> \'{:*^30}\'.format(\'centered\') # use \'*\' as a fill char\n \'***********centered***********\'\n\nReplacing ``%+f``, ``%-f``, and ``% f`` and specifying a sign:\n\n >>> \'{:+f}; {:+f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always\n \'+3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{: f}; {: f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers\n \' 3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{:-f}; {:-f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as \'{:f}; {:f}\'\n \'3.140000; -3.140000\'\n\nReplacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different\nbases:\n\n >>> # format also supports binary numbers\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010\'\n >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010\'\n\nUsing the comma as a thousands separator:\n\n >>> \'{:,}\'.format(1234567890)\n \'1,234,567,890\'\n\nExpressing a percentage:\n\n >>> points = 19\n >>> total = 22\n >>> \'Correct answers: {:.2%}.\'.format(points/total)\n \'Correct answers: 86.36%\'\n\nUsing type-specific formatting:\n\n >>> import datetime\n >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)\n >>> \'{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}\'.format(d)\n \'2010-07-04 12:15:58\'\n\nNesting arguments and more complex examples:\n\n >>> for align, text in zip(\'<^>\', [\'left\', \'center\', \'right\']):\n ... \'{0:{fill}{align}16}\'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)\n ...\n \'left<<<<<<<<<<<<\'\n \'^^^^^center^^^^^\'\n \'>>>>>>>>>>>right\'\n >>>\n >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n >>> \'{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}\'.format(*octets)\n \'C0A80001\'\n >>> int(_, 16)\n 3232235521\n >>>\n >>> width = 5\n >>> for num in range(5,12):\n ... for base in \'dXob\':\n ... print(\'{0:{width}{base}}\'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=\' \')\n ... print()\n ...\n 5 5 5 101\n 6 6 6 110\n 7 7 7 111\n 8 8 10 1000\n 9 9 11 1001\n 10 A 12 1010\n 11 B 13 1011\n', + 'formatstrings': '\nFormat String Syntax\n********************\n\nThe ``str.format()`` method and the ``Formatter`` class share the same\nsyntax for format strings (although in the case of ``Formatter``,\nsubclasses can define their own format string syntax).\n\nFormat strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces\n``{}``. Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal\ntext, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include\na brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling:\n``{{`` and ``}}``.\n\nThe grammar for a replacement field is as follows:\n\n replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"\n field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")*\n arg_name ::= [identifier | integer]\n attribute_name ::= identifier\n element_index ::= integer | index_string\n index_string ::= +\n conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"\n format_spec ::= \n\nIn less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a\n*field_name* that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted\nand inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The\n*field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* field, which is\npreceded by an exclamation point ``\'!\'``, and a *format_spec*, which\nis preceded by a colon ``\':\'``. These specify a non-default format\nfor the replacement value.\n\nSee also the *Format Specification Mini-Language* section.\n\nThe *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either\neither a number or a keyword. If it\'s a number, it refers to a\npositional argument, and if it\'s a keyword, it refers to a named\nkeyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are\n0, 1, 2, ... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and\nthe numbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order.\nBecause *arg_name* is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to\nspecify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings ``\'10\'`` or\n``\':-]\'``) within a format string. The *arg_name* can be followed by\nany number of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the\nform ``\'.name\'`` selects the named attribute using ``getattr()``,\nwhile an expression of the form ``\'[index]\'`` does an index lookup\nusing ``__getitem__()``.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers can be\nomitted, so ``\'{} {}\'`` is equivalent to ``\'{0} {1}\'``.\n\nSome simple format string examples:\n\n "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument\n "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument\n "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}"\n "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument \'name\'\n "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # \'weight\' attribute of first positional arg\n "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument \'players\'.\n\nThe *conversion* field causes a type coercion before formatting.\nNormally, the job of formatting a value is done by the\n``__format__()`` method of the value itself. However, in some cases\nit is desirable to force a type to be formatted as a string,\noverriding its own definition of formatting. By converting the value\nto a string before calling ``__format__()``, the normal formatting\nlogic is bypassed.\n\nThree conversion flags are currently supported: ``\'!s\'`` which calls\n``str()`` on the value, ``\'!r\'`` which calls ``repr()`` and ``\'!a\'``\nwhich calls ``ascii()``.\n\nSome examples:\n\n "Harold\'s a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first\n "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first\n "More {!a}" # Calls ascii() on the argument first\n\nThe *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the value\nshould be presented, including such details as field width, alignment,\npadding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its\nown "formatting mini-language" or interpretation of the *format_spec*.\n\nMost built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which\nis described in the next section.\n\nA *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement fields\nwithin it. These nested replacement fields can contain only a field\nname; conversion flags and format specifications are not allowed. The\nreplacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the\n*format_spec* string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a\nvalue to be dynamically specified.\n\nSee the *Format examples* section for some examples.\n\n\nFormat Specification Mini-Language\n==================================\n\n"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained\nwithin a format string to define how individual values are presented\n(see *Format String Syntax*). They can also be passed directly to the\nbuilt-in ``format()`` function. Each formattable type may define how\nthe format specification is to be interpreted.\n\nMost built-in types implement the following options for format\nspecifications, although some of the formatting options are only\nsupported by the numeric types.\n\nA general convention is that an empty format string (``""``) produces\nthe same result as if you had called ``str()`` on the value. A non-\nempty format string typically modifies the result.\n\nThe general form of a *standard format specifier* is:\n\n format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]\n fill ::= \n align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"\n sign ::= "+" | "-" | " "\n width ::= integer\n precision ::= integer\n type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"\n\nThe *fill* character can be any character other than \'{\' or \'}\'. The\npresence of a fill character is signaled by the character following\nit, which must be one of the alignment options. If the second\ncharacter of *format_spec* is not a valid alignment option, then it is\nassumed that both the fill character and the alignment option are\nabsent.\n\nThe meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'<\'`` | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for most objects). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'>\'`` | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for numbers). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'=\'`` | Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) |\n | | but before the digits. This is used for printing fields |\n | | in the form \'+000000120\'. This alignment option is only |\n | | valid for numeric types. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'^\'`` | Forces the field to be centered within the available |\n | | space. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width\nwill always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the\nalignment option has no meaning in this case.\n\nThe *sign* option is only valid for number types, and can be one of\nthe following:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'+\'`` | indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as |\n | | well as negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'-\'`` | indicates that a sign should be used only for negative |\n | | numbers (this is the default behavior). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | space | indicates that a leading space should be used on positive |\n | | numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe ``\'#\'`` option causes the "alternate form" to be used for the\nconversion. The alternate form is defined differently for different\ntypes. This option is only valid for integer, float, complex and\nDecimal types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal output\nis used, this option adds the prefix respective ``\'0b\'``, ``\'0o\'``, or\n``\'0x\'`` to the output value. For floats, complex and Decimal the\nalternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain a\ndecimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a\ndecimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions\nonly if a digit follows it. In addition, for ``\'g\'`` and ``\'G\'``\nconversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.\n\nThe ``\',\'`` option signals the use of a comma for a thousands\nseparator. For a locale aware separator, use the ``\'n\'`` integer\npresentation type instead.\n\nChanged in version 3.1: Added the ``\',\'`` option (see also **PEP\n378**).\n\n*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not\nspecified, then the field width will be determined by the content.\n\nIf the *width* field is preceded by a zero (``\'0\'``) character, this\nenables zero-padding. This is equivalent to an *alignment* type of\n``\'=\'`` and a *fill* character of ``\'0\'``.\n\nThe *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should\nbe displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value\nformatted with ``\'f\'`` and ``\'F\'``, or before and after the decimal\npoint for a floating point value formatted with ``\'g\'`` or ``\'G\'``.\nFor non-number types the field indicates the maximum field size - in\nother words, how many characters will be used from the field content.\nThe *precision* is not allowed for integer values.\n\nFinally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented.\n\nThe available string presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'s\'`` | String format. This is the default type for strings and |\n | | may be omitted. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as ``\'s\'``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe available integer presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'b\'`` | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'c\'`` | Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding |\n | | unicode character before printing. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'d\'`` | Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'o\'`` | Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'x\'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'X\'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'n\'`` | Number. This is the same as ``\'d\'``, except that it uses |\n | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate |\n | | number separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as ``\'d\'``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted\nwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except\n``\'n\'`` and None). When doing so, ``float()`` is used to convert the\ninteger to a floating point number before formatting.\n\nThe available presentation types for floating point and decimal values\nare:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | ``\'e\'`` | Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific |\n | | notation using the letter \'e\' to indicate the exponent. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'E\'`` | Exponent notation. Same as ``\'e\'`` except it uses an upper |\n | | case \'E\' as the separator character. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'f\'`` | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point number. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'F\'`` | Fixed point. Same as ``\'f\'``, but converts ``nan`` to |\n | | ``NAN`` and ``inf`` to ``INF``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'g\'`` | General format. For a given precision ``p >= 1``, this |\n | | rounds the number to ``p`` significant digits and then |\n | | formats the result in either fixed-point format or in |\n | | scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The |\n | | precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result |\n | | formatted with presentation type ``\'e\'`` and precision |\n | | ``p-1`` would have exponent ``exp``. Then if ``-4 <= exp |\n | | < p``, the number is formatted with presentation type |\n | | ``\'f\'`` and precision ``p-1-exp``. Otherwise, the number |\n | | is formatted with presentation type ``\'e\'`` and precision |\n | | ``p-1``. In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are |\n | | removed from the significand, and the decimal point is |\n | | also removed if there are no remaining digits following |\n | | it. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative |\n | | zero, and nans, are formatted as ``inf``, ``-inf``, ``0``, |\n | | ``-0`` and ``nan`` respectively, regardless of the |\n | | precision. A precision of ``0`` is treated as equivalent |\n | | to a precision of ``1``. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'G\'`` | General format. Same as ``\'g\'`` except switches to ``\'E\'`` |\n | | if the number gets too large. The representations of |\n | | infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'n\'`` | Number. This is the same as ``\'g\'``, except that it uses |\n | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate |\n | | number separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | ``\'%\'`` | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in |\n | | fixed (``\'f\'``) format, followed by a percent sign. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | Similar to ``\'g\'``, except with at least one digit past |\n | | the decimal point and a default precision of 12. This is |\n | | intended to match ``str()``, except you can add the other |\n | | format modifiers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n\nFormat examples\n===============\n\nThis section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison\nwith the old ``%``-formatting.\n\nIn most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old\n``%``-formatting, with the addition of the ``{}`` and with ``:`` used\ninstead of ``%``. For example, ``\'%03.2f\'`` can be translated to\n``\'{:03.2f}\'``.\n\nThe new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown\nin the follow examples.\n\nAccessing arguments by position:\n\n >>> \'{0}, {1}, {2}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{}, {}, {}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\') # 3.1+ only\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(*\'abc\') # unpacking argument sequence\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{0}{1}{0}\'.format(\'abra\', \'cad\') # arguments\' indices can be repeated\n \'abracadabra\'\n\nAccessing arguments by name:\n\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(latitude=\'37.24N\', longitude=\'-115.81W\')\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n >>> coord = {\'latitude\': \'37.24N\', \'longitude\': \'-115.81W\'}\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(**coord)\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' attributes:\n\n >>> c = 3-5j\n >>> (\'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} \'\n ... \'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.\').format(c)\n \'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.\'\n >>> class Point:\n ... def __init__(self, x, y):\n ... self.x, self.y = x, y\n ... def __str__(self):\n ... return \'Point({self.x}, {self.y})\'.format(self=self)\n ...\n >>> str(Point(4, 2))\n \'Point(4, 2)\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' items:\n\n >>> coord = (3, 5)\n >>> \'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}\'.format(coord)\n \'X: 3; Y: 5\'\n\nReplacing ``%s`` and ``%r``:\n\n >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn\'t: {!s}".format(\'test1\', \'test2\')\n "repr() shows quotes: \'test1\'; str() doesn\'t: test2"\n\nAligning the text and specifying a width:\n\n >>> \'{:<30}\'.format(\'left aligned\')\n \'left aligned \'\n >>> \'{:>30}\'.format(\'right aligned\')\n \' right aligned\'\n >>> \'{:^30}\'.format(\'centered\')\n \' centered \'\n >>> \'{:*^30}\'.format(\'centered\') # use \'*\' as a fill char\n \'***********centered***********\'\n\nReplacing ``%+f``, ``%-f``, and ``% f`` and specifying a sign:\n\n >>> \'{:+f}; {:+f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always\n \'+3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{: f}; {: f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers\n \' 3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{:-f}; {:-f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as \'{:f}; {:f}\'\n \'3.140000; -3.140000\'\n\nReplacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different\nbases:\n\n >>> # format also supports binary numbers\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010\'\n >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010\'\n\nUsing the comma as a thousands separator:\n\n >>> \'{:,}\'.format(1234567890)\n \'1,234,567,890\'\n\nExpressing a percentage:\n\n >>> points = 19\n >>> total = 22\n >>> \'Correct answers: {:.2%}.\'.format(points/total)\n \'Correct answers: 86.36%\'\n\nUsing type-specific formatting:\n\n >>> import datetime\n >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)\n >>> \'{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}\'.format(d)\n \'2010-07-04 12:15:58\'\n\nNesting arguments and more complex examples:\n\n >>> for align, text in zip(\'<^>\', [\'left\', \'center\', \'right\']):\n ... \'{0:{fill}{align}16}\'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)\n ...\n \'left<<<<<<<<<<<<\'\n \'^^^^^center^^^^^\'\n \'>>>>>>>>>>>right\'\n >>>\n >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n >>> \'{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}\'.format(*octets)\n \'C0A80001\'\n >>> int(_, 16)\n 3232235521\n >>>\n >>> width = 5\n >>> for num in range(5,12):\n ... for base in \'dXob\':\n ... print(\'{0:{width}{base}}\'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=\' \')\n ... print()\n ...\n 5 5 5 101\n 6 6 6 110\n 7 7 7 111\n 8 8 10 1000\n 9 9 11 1001\n 10 A 12 1010\n 11 B 13 1011\n', 'function': '\nFunction definitions\n********************\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*):\n\n funcdef ::= [decorators] "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ["->" expression] ":" suite\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" [parameter] ("," defparameter)*\n [, "**" parameter]\n | "**" parameter\n | defparameter [","] )\n parameter ::= identifier [":" expression]\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more parameters have the form *parameter* ``=``\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding argument may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters up until the "``*``" must also have a default value ---\nthis is a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that that same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use ``None`` as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section\n*Calls*. A function call always assigns values to all parameters\nmentioned in the parameter list, either from position arguments, from\nkeyword arguments, or from default values. If the form\n"``*identifier``" is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving\nany excess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If\nthe form "``**identifier``" is present, it is initialized to a new\ndictionary receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new\nempty dictionary. Parameters after "``*``" or "``*identifier``" are\nkeyword-only parameters and may only be passed used keyword arguments.\n\nParameters may have annotations of the form "``: expression``"\nfollowing the parameter name. Any parameter may have an annotation\neven those of the form ``*identifier`` or ``**identifier``. Functions\nmay have "return" annotation of the form "``-> expression``" after the\nparameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python expression\nand are evaluated when the function definition is executed.\nAnnotations may be evaluated in a different order than they appear in\nthe source code. The presence of annotations does not change the\nsemantics of a function. The annotation values are available as\nvalues of a dictionary keyed by the parameters\' names in the\n``__annotations__`` attribute of the function object.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda forms,\ndescribed in section *Lambdas*. Note that the lambda form is merely a\nshorthand for a simplified function definition; a function defined in\na "``def``" statement can be passed around or assigned to another name\njust like a function defined by a lambda form. The "``def``" form is\nactually more powerful since it allows the execution of multiple\nstatements and annotations.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A "``def``"\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section *Naming and binding* for details.\n', 'global': '\nThe ``global`` statement\n************************\n\n global_stmt ::= "global" identifier ("," identifier)*\n\nThe ``global`` statement is a declaration which holds for the entire\ncurrent code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to be\ninterpreted as globals. It would be impossible to assign to a global\nvariable without ``global``, although free variables may refer to\nglobals without being declared global.\n\nNames listed in a ``global`` statement must not be used in the same\ncode block textually preceding that ``global`` statement.\n\nNames listed in a ``global`` statement must not be defined as formal\nparameters or in a ``for`` loop control target, ``class`` definition,\nfunction definition, or ``import`` statement.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** The current implementation does not\nenforce the latter two restrictions, but programs should not abuse\nthis freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently\nchange the meaning of the program.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** the ``global`` is a directive to the parser.\nIt applies only to code parsed at the same time as the ``global``\nstatement. In particular, a ``global`` statement contained in a string\nor code object supplied to the built-in ``exec()`` function does not\naffect the code block *containing* the function call, and code\ncontained in such a string is unaffected by ``global`` statements in\nthe code containing the function call. The same applies to the\n``eval()`` and ``compile()`` functions.\n', 'id-classes': '\nReserved classes of identifiers\n*******************************\n\nCertain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special\nmeanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of leading and\ntrailing underscore characters:\n\n``_*``\n Not imported by ``from module import *``. The special identifier\n ``_`` is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of\n the last evaluation; it is stored in the ``builtins`` module. When\n not in interactive mode, ``_`` has no special meaning and is not\n defined. See section *The import statement*.\n\n Note: The name ``_`` is often used in conjunction with\n internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n ``gettext`` module for more information on this convention.\n\n``__*__``\n System-defined names. These names are defined by the interpreter\n and its implementation (including the standard library). Current\n system names are discussed in the *Special method names* section\n and elsewhere. More will likely be defined in future versions of\n Python. *Any* use of ``__*__`` names, in any context, that does\n not follow explicitly documented use, is subject to breakage\n without warning.\n\n``__*``\n Class-private names. Names in this category, when used within the\n context of a class definition, are re-written to use a mangled form\n to help avoid name clashes between "private" attributes of base and\n derived classes. See section *Identifiers (Names)*.\n', From b0993bc78d976a91d1dc4d0ef9a207e1be38610f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 11:17:55 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 42/45] Bump to 3.2.2. --- Include/patchlevel.h | 6 +++--- Lib/distutils/__init__.py | 2 +- Lib/idlelib/idlever.py | 2 +- Misc/NEWS | 2 +- Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec | 2 +- README | 4 ++-- 6 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index 307cb8d3b4c..4445a83fa17 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ #define PY_MAJOR_VERSION 3 #define PY_MINOR_VERSION 2 #define PY_MICRO_VERSION 2 -#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_GAMMA -#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 1 +#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_FINAL +#define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 0 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2rc1+" +#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2" /*--end constants--*/ /* Subversion Revision number of this file (not of the repository). Empty diff --git a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py index b31b2d203d2..9ec61658649 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py @@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ # Updated automatically by the Python release process. # #--start constants-- -__version__ = "3.2.2rc1" +__version__ = "3.2.2" #--end constants-- diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py index 7bf7cae3e96..97bf87bbc29 100644 --- a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py +++ b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py @@ -1 +1 @@ -IDLE_VERSION = "3.2.2rc1" +IDLE_VERSION = "3.2.2" diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS index 554aa670b9a..d847d4409fe 100644 --- a/Misc/NEWS +++ b/Misc/NEWS @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Python News What's New in Python 3.2.2? =========================== -*Release date: XXXX-XX-XX* +*Release date: 03-Sep-2011* Core and Builtins ----------------- diff --git a/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec b/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec index 0f2958c7e07..40943c03ded 100644 --- a/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec +++ b/Misc/RPM/python-3.2.spec @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ %define name python #--start constants-- -%define version 3.2.2rc1 +%define version 3.2.2 %define libvers 3.2 #--end constants-- %define release 1pydotorg diff --git a/README b/README index 80df47f9a62..593a8479bd1 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -This is Python version 3.2.2 release candidate 1 -================================================ +This is Python version 3.2.2 +============================ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. From 08e544e27bcc26fd82d218ea0676da42c8b8b9f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Antoine Pitrou Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2011 18:32:02 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 43/45] Issue #12333: fix test_distutils failures under Solaris and derivatives --- Lib/distutils/tests/support.py | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py index 7a76ca05a04..8452feb1553 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/tests/support.py @@ -54,9 +54,13 @@ class TempdirManager(object): def setUp(self): super().setUp() + self.old_cwd = os.getcwd() self.tempdirs = [] def tearDown(self): + # Restore working dir, for Solaris and derivatives, where rmdir() + # on the current directory fails. + os.chdir(self.old_cwd) super().tearDown() while self.tempdirs: d = self.tempdirs.pop() From d42b7a332c40a54d1fe0a9b8a5b9f8d419c6bb90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sat, 3 Sep 2011 18:08:11 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 44/45] Added tag v3.2.2 for changeset 137e45f15c0b --- .hgtags | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/.hgtags b/.hgtags index 635fc5fe0b7..9ccde1e10e6 100644 --- a/.hgtags +++ b/.hgtags @@ -92,3 +92,4 @@ cfa9364997c7f2e67b9cbb45c3a5fa3bba4e4999 v3.2.1rc1 5df549718fb4841ff521fe051f6b54f290fad5d8 v3.2.1rc2 ac1f7e5c05104d557d5acd922e95625ba5d1fe10 v3.2.1 c860feaa348d663e598986894ee4680480577e15 v3.2.2rc1 +137e45f15c0bd262c9ad4c032d97425bc0589456 v3.2.2 From 06ee0209614ea0d1a0801b673f1c5ee83b9ded5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Georg Brandl Date: Sun, 4 Sep 2011 08:36:22 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 45/45] Post-release version bump. --- Include/patchlevel.h | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index 4445a83fa17..1b8e6d4a947 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ #define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 0 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2" +#define PY_VERSION "3.2.2+" /*--end constants--*/ /* Subversion Revision number of this file (not of the repository). Empty