diff --git a/Doc/ext/ext.tex b/Doc/ext/ext.tex index a281a6d13dd..23bbbd409a0 100644 --- a/Doc/ext/ext.tex +++ b/Doc/ext/ext.tex @@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ The compilation of an extension module depends on its intended use as well as on your system setup; details are given in a later section. -\section{A Simple Example} -\label{simpleExample} +\section{A Simple Example + \label{simpleExample}} Let's create an extension module called \samp{spam} (the favorite food of Monty Python fans...) and let's say we want to create a Python @@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ appropriate exception by so the calling function can return \NULL{} immediately (as we saw in the example). -\section{Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions} -\label{errors} +\section{Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions + \label{errors}} An important convention throughout the Python interpreter is the following: when a function fails, it should set an exception condition @@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ described in the \emph{Python Library Reference} under ``Built-in Exceptions.'' -\section{Back to the Example} -\label{backToExample} +\section{Back to the Example + \label{backToExample}} Going back to our example function, you should now be able to understand this statement: @@ -344,8 +344,8 @@ returning \ctype{void}), the corresponding Python function must return pointer, which means ``error'' in most contexts, as we have seen. -\section{The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function} -\label{methodTable} +\section{The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function + \label{methodTable}} I promised to show how \cfunction{spam_system()} is called from Python programs. First, we need to list its name and address in a ``method @@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ if the module could not be initialized satisfactorily, so the caller doesn't need to check for errors. -\section{Compilation and Linkage} -\label{compilation} +\section{Compilation and Linkage + \label{compilation}} There are two more things to do before you can use your new extension: compiling and linking it with the Python system. If you use dynamic @@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ be listed on the line in the configuration file as well, for instance: spam spammodule.o -lX11 \end{verbatim} -\section{Calling Python Functions From \C{}} -\label{callingPython} +\section{Calling Python Functions from \C{} + \label{callingPython}} So far we have concentrated on making \C{} functions callable from Python. The reverse is also useful: calling Python functions from \C{}. @@ -450,7 +450,8 @@ Fortunately, the Python interpreter is easily called recursively, and there is a standard interface to call a Python function. (I won't dwell on how to call the Python parser with a particular string as input --- if you're interested, have a look at the implementation of -the \samp{-c} command line option in \file{Python/pythonmain.c}.) +the \samp{-c} command line option in \file{Python/pythonmain.c} from +the Python source code.) Calling a Python function is easy. First, the Python program must somehow pass you the Python function object. You should provide a @@ -467,19 +468,37 @@ static PyObject * my_set_callback(dummy, arg) PyObject *dummy, *arg; { - Py_XDECREF(my_callback); /* Dispose of previous callback */ - Py_XINCREF(arg); /* Add a reference to new callback */ - my_callback = arg; /* Remember new callback */ - /* Boilerplate to return "None" */ - Py_INCREF(Py_None); - return Py_None; + PyObject *result = NULL; + PyObject *temp; + + if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:set_callback", &temp)) { + if (!PyCallable_Check(temp)) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "parameter must be callable"); + return NULL; + } + Py_XINCREF(temp); /* Add a reference to new callback */ + Py_XDECREF(my_callback); /* Dispose of previous callback */ + my_callback = temp; /* Remember new callback */ + /* Boilerplate to return "None" */ + Py_INCREF(Py_None); + result = Py_None; + } + return result; } \end{verbatim} +This function must be registered with the interpreter using the +\constant{METH_VARARGS} flag; this is described in Section +\ref{methodTable}, ``The Module's Method Table and Initialization +Function.'' The \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()} function and its +arguments are documented in Section \ref{parseTuple}, ``Format Strings +for \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()}.'' + The macros \cfunction{Py_XINCREF()} and \cfunction{Py_XDECREF()} increment/decrement the reference count of an object and are safe in -the presence of \NULL{} pointers. More info on them in the section on -Reference Counts below. +the presence of \NULL{} pointers (but note that \var{temp} will not be +\NULL{} in this context). More info on them in Section +\ref{refcounts}, ``Reference Counts.'' Later, when it is time to call the function, you call the \C{} function \cfunction{PyEval_CallObject()}. This function has two arguments, both @@ -561,8 +580,8 @@ code is not complete: \cfunction{Py_BuildValue()} may run out of memory, and this should be checked. -\section{Format Strings for \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()}} -\label{parseTuple} +\section{Format Strings for \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()} + \label{parseTuple}} The \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()} function is declared as follows: @@ -767,8 +786,8 @@ Some example calls: \end{verbatim} -\section{Keyword Parsing with \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()}} -\label{parseTupleAndKeywords} +\section{Keyword Parsing with \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()} + \label{parseTupleAndKeywords}} The \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()} function is declared as follows: @@ -837,8 +856,8 @@ initkeywdarg() \end{verbatim} -\section{The \cfunction{Py_BuildValue()} Function} -\label{buildValue} +\section{The \cfunction{Py_BuildValue()} Function + \label{buildValue}} This function is the counterpart to \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()}. It is declared as follows: @@ -967,8 +986,8 @@ Examples (to the left the call, to the right the resulting Python value): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (((1, 2), (3, 4)), (5, 6)) \end{verbatim} -\section{Reference Counts} -\label{refcounts} +\section{Reference Counts + \label{refcounts}} %\subsection{Introduction} @@ -1032,8 +1051,8 @@ Maybe some day a sufficiently portable automatic garbage collector will be available for \C{}. Until then, we'll have to live with reference counts. -\subsection{Reference Counting in Python} -\label{refcountsInPython} +\subsection{Reference Counting in Python + \label{refcountsInPython}} There are two macros, \code{Py_INCREF(x)} and \code{Py_DECREF(x)}, which handle the incrementing and decrementing of the reference count. @@ -1080,8 +1099,8 @@ which the reference was borrowed --- it creates a new owned reference, and gives full owner responsibilities (i.e., the new owner must dispose of the reference properly, as well as the previous owner). -\subsection{Ownership Rules} -\label{ownershipRules} +\subsection{Ownership Rules + \label{ownershipRules}} Whenever an object reference is passed into or out of a function, it is part of the function's interface specification whether ownership is @@ -1130,8 +1149,8 @@ The object reference returned from a \C{} function that is called from Python must be an owned reference --- ownership is tranferred from the function to its caller. -\subsection{Thin Ice} -\label{thinIce} +\subsection{Thin Ice + \label{thinIce}} There are a few situations where seemingly harmless use of a borrowed reference can lead to problems. These all have to do with implicit @@ -1212,8 +1231,8 @@ bug(PyObject *list) { } \end{verbatim} -\subsection{NULL Pointers} -\label{nullPointers} +\subsection{NULL Pointers + \label{nullPointers}} In general, functions that take object references as arguments do not expect you to pass them \NULL{} pointers, and will dump core (or @@ -1249,8 +1268,8 @@ It is a severe error to ever let a \NULL{} pointer ``escape'' to the Python user. -\section{Writing Extensions in \Cpp{}} -\label{cplusplus} +\section{Writing Extensions in \Cpp{} + \label{cplusplus}} It is possible to write extension modules in \Cpp{}. Some restrictions apply. If the main program (the Python interpreter) is compiled and @@ -1264,8 +1283,8 @@ It is unnecessary to enclose the Python header files in \samp{__cplusplus} is defined (all recent \Cpp{} compilers define this symbol). -\chapter{Embedding Python in another application} -\label{embedding} +\chapter{Embedding Python in Another Application + \label{embedding}} Embedding Python is similar to extending it, but not quite. The difference is that when you extend Python, the main program of the @@ -1293,8 +1312,8 @@ A simple demo of embedding Python can be found in the directory \file{Demo/embed}. -\section{Embedding Python in \Cpp{}} -\label{embeddingInCplusplus} +\section{Embedding Python in \Cpp{} + \label{embeddingInCplusplus}} It is also possible to embed Python in a \Cpp{} program; precisely how this is done will depend on the details of the \Cpp{} system used; in general you @@ -1303,8 +1322,8 @@ to compile and link your program. There is no need to recompile Python itself using \Cpp{}. -\chapter{Dynamic Loading} -\label{dynload} +\chapter{Dynamic Loading + \label{dynload}} On most modern systems it is possible to configure Python to support dynamic loading of extension modules implemented in \C{}. When shared @@ -1329,15 +1348,15 @@ loading a module that was compiled for a different version of Python (e.g. with a different representation of objects) may dump core. -\section{Configuring and Building the Interpreter for Dynamic Loading} -\label{dynloadConfig} +\section{Configuring and Building the Interpreter for Dynamic Loading + \label{dynloadConfig}} There are three styles of dynamic loading: one using shared libraries, one using SGI IRIX 4 dynamic loading, and one using GNU dynamic loading. -\subsection{Shared Libraries} -\label{sharedlibs} +\subsection{Shared Libraries + \label{sharedlibs}} The following systems support dynamic loading using shared libraries: SunOS 4; Solaris 2; SGI IRIX 5 (but not SGI IRIX 4!), Linux, FreeBSD, @@ -1350,8 +1369,8 @@ systems --- the \file{configure} detects the presence of the \code{} header file and automatically configures dynamic loading. -\subsection{SGI IRIX 4 Dynamic Loading} -\label{irixDynload} +\subsection{SGI IRIX 4 Dynamic Loading + \label{irixDynload}} Only SGI IRIX 4 supports dynamic loading of modules using SGI dynamic loading. (SGI IRIX 5 might also support it but it is inferior to @@ -1372,8 +1391,8 @@ pathname of the \code{dl} directory. Now build and install Python as you normally would (see the \file{README} file in the toplevel Python directory.) -\subsection{GNU Dynamic Loading} -\label{gnuDynload} +\subsection{GNU Dynamic Loading + \label{gnuDynload}} GNU dynamic loading supports (according to its \file{README} file) the following hardware and software combinations: VAX (Ultrix), Sun 3 @@ -1403,8 +1422,8 @@ of the GNU DLD package. The Python interpreter you build hereafter will support GNU dynamic loading. -\section{Building a Dynamically Loadable Module} -\label{makedynload} +\section{Building a Dynamically Loadable Module + \label{makedynload}} Since there are three styles of dynamic loading, there are also three groups of instructions for building a dynamically loadable module. @@ -1424,8 +1443,8 @@ contain the options \samp{-I\$(PYTHONTOP) -I\$(PYTHONTOP)/Include}. \file{config.h} header lives in the toplevel directory.) -\subsection{Shared Libraries} -\label{linking} +\subsection{Shared Libraries + \label{linking}} You must link the \file{.o} file to produce a shared library. This is done using a special invocation of the \UNIX{} loader/linker, @@ -1459,8 +1478,8 @@ The resulting file \file{spammodule.so} must be copied into a directory along the Python module search path. -\subsection{SGI IRIX 4 Dynamic Loading} -\label{irixLinking} +\subsection{SGI IRIX 4 Dynamic Loading + \label{irixLinking}} \strong{IMPORTANT:} You must compile your extension module with the additional \C{} flag \samp{-G0} (or \samp{-G 0}). This instructs the @@ -1489,8 +1508,8 @@ normally only \samp{-l} options or absolute pathnames of libraries (\samp{.a} files) should be used. -\subsection{GNU Dynamic Loading} -\label{gnuLinking} +\subsection{GNU Dynamic Loading + \label{gnuLinking}} Just copy \file{spammodule.o} into a directory along the Python module search path.%