2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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What's New in Python 2.0b1?
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1997-08-15 04:39:58 +00:00
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===========================
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1997-08-15 02:50:47 +00:00
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2000-09-01 22:34:33 +00:00
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Below is a list of all relevant changes since release 1.6. Older
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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changes are in the file HISTORY. If you are making the jump directly
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from Python 1.5.2 to 2.0, make sure to read the section for 1.6 in the
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HISTORY file! Many important changes listed there.
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1997-08-15 02:50:47 +00:00
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Alternatively, a good overview of the changes between 1.5.2 and 2.0 is
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the document "What's New in Python 2.0" by Kuchling and Moshe Zadka:
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http://starship.python.net/crew/amk/python/writing/new-python/.
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1997-10-06 21:04:35 +00:00
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.pythonlabs.com/~guido/)
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1998-10-17 19:43:13 +00:00
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======================================================================
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Source Incompatibilities
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------------------------
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None. Note that 1.6 introduced several incompatibilities with 1.5.2,
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such as single-argument append(), connect() and bind(), and changes to
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str(long) and repr(float).
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Binary Incompatibilities
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------------------------
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- Third party extensions built for Python 1.5.x or 1.6 cannot be used
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with Python 2.0; these extensions will have to be rebuilt for Python
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2.0.
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- On Windows, attempting to import a third party extension built for
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Python 1.5.x or 1.6 results in an immediate crash; there's not much we
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can do about this. Check your PYTHONPATH environment variable!
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- Python bytecode files (*.pyc and *.pyo) are not compatible between
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releases.
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Overview of Changes Since 1.6
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-----------------------------
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There are many new modules (including brand new XML support through
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the xml package, and i18n support through the gettext module); a list
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of all new modules is included below. Lots of bugs have been fixed.
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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The process for making major new changes to the language has changed
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since Python 1.6. Enhancements must now be documented by a Python
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Enhancement Proposal (PEP) before they can be accepted.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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There are several important syntax enhancements, described in more
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detail below:
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- Augmented assignment, e.g. x += 1
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- List comprehensions, e.g. [x**2 for x in range(10)]
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- Extended import statement, e.g. import Module as Name
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- Extended print statement, e.g. print >> file, "Hello"
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Other important changes:
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- Optional collection of cyclical garbage
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP)
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---------------------------------
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PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design
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document providing information to the Python community, or describing
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a new feature for Python. The PEP should provide a concise technical
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specification of the feature and a rationale for the feature.
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We intend PEPs to be the primary mechanisms for proposing new
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features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for
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documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP
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author is responsible for building consensus within the community and
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documenting dissenting opinions.
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The PEPs are available at http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Augmented Assignment
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--------------------
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This must have been the most-requested feature of the past years!
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Eleven new assignment operators were added:
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2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
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+= -= *= /= %= **= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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For example,
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A += B
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is similar to
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A = A + B
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except that A is evaluated only once (relevant when A is something
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like dict[index].attr).
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However, if A is a mutable object, A may be modified in place. Thus,
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if A is a number or a string, A += B has the same effect as A = A+B
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(except A is only evaluated once); but if a is a list, A += B has the
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same effect as A.extend(B)!
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Classes and built-in object types can override the new operators in
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order to implement the in-place behavior; the not-in-place behavior is
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used automatically as a fallback when an object doesn't implement the
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in-place behavior. For classes, the method name is derived from the
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method name for the corresponding not-in-place operator by inserting
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an 'i' in front of the name, e.g. __iadd__ implements in-place
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__add__.
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Augmented assignment was implemented by Thomas Wouters.
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List Comprehensions
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-------------------
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This is a flexible new notation for lists whose elements are computed
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from another list (or lists). The simplest form is:
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[<expression> for <variable> in <sequence>]
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2000-09-06 23:34:25 +00:00
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For example, [i**2 for i in range(4)] yields the list [0, 1, 4, 9].
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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This is more efficient than map() with a lambda.
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You can also add a condition:
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[<expression> for <variable> in <sequence> if <condition>]
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For example, [w for w in words if w == w.lower()] would yield the list
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of words that contain no uppercase characters. This is more efficient
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than filter() with a lambda.
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You can also have nested for loops and more than one 'if' clause. For
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example, here's a function that flattens a sequence of sequences::
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def flatten(seq):
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return [x for subseq in seq for x in subseq]
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flatten([[0], [1,2,3], [4,5], [6,7,8,9], []])
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This prints
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[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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List comprehensions originated as a patch set from Greg Ewing; Skip
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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Montanaro and Thomas Wouters also contributed. Described by PEP 202.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Extended Import Statement
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-------------------------
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Many people have asked for a way to import a module under a different
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name. This can be accomplished like this:
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import foo
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bar = foo
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del foo
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but this common idiom gets old quickly. A simple extension of the
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import statement now allows this to be written as follows:
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import foo as bar
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There's also a variant for 'from ... import':
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from foo import bar as spam
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This also works with packages; e.g. you can write this:
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import test.regrtest as regrtest
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Note that 'as' is not a new keyword -- it is recognized only in this
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context (this is only possible because the syntax for the import
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statement doesn't involve expressions).
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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Implemented by Thomas Wouters. Described by PEP 221.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Extended Print Statement
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------------------------
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Easily the most controversial new feature, this extension to the print
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statement adds an option to make the output go to a different file
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than the default sys.stdout.
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For example, to write an error message to sys.stderr, you can now
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write:
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print >> sys.stderr, "Error: bad dog!"
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As a special feature, if the expression used to indicate the file
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evaluates to None, the current value of sys.stdout used. Thus:
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print >> None, "Hello world"
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is equivalent to
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print "Hello world"
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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Design and implementation by Barry Warsaw. Described by PEP 214.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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Optional Collection of Cyclical Garbage
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---------------------------------------
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Python is now equipped with a garbage collector that can hunt down
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cyclical references between Python objects. It's no replacement for
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reference counting; in fact, it depends on the reference counts being
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correct, and decides that a set of objects belong to a cycle if all
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their reference counts can be accounted for from their references to
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each other. This devious scheme was first proposed by Eric Tiedemann,
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and brought to implementation by Neil Schemenauer.
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There's a module "gc" that lets you control some parameters of the
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garbage collection. There's also an option to the configure script
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that lets you enable or disable the garbage collection. In 2.0b1,
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it's on by default, so that we (hopefully) can collect decent user
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experience with this new feature. There are some questions about its
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performance. if it proves to be too much of a problem, we'll turn it
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off by default in the final 2.0 release.
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Smaller Changes
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---------------
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A new function zip() was added. zip(seq1, seq2, ...) is equivalent to
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map(None, seq1, seq2, ...) when the sequences have the same length;
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i.e. zip([1,2,3], [10,20,30]) returns [(1,10), (2,20), (3,30)]. When
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the lists are not all the same length, the shortest list wins:
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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zip([1,2,3], [10,20]) returns [(1,10), (2,20)]. See PEP 201.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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sys.version_info is a tuple (major, minor, micro, level, serial).
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Dictionaries have an odd new method, setdefault(key, default).
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dict.setdefault(key, default) returns dict[key] if it exists; if not,
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it sets dict[key] to default and returns that value. Thus:
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dict.setdefault(key, []).append(item)
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does the same work as this common idiom:
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if not dict.has_key(key):
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dict[key] = []
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dict[key].append(item)
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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There are two new variants of SyntaxError that are raised for
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indentation-related errors: IndentationError and TabError.
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Changed \x to consume exactly two hex digits; see PEP 223. Added \U
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escape that consumes exactly eight hex digits.
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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The limits on the size of expressions and file in Python source code
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have been raised from 2**16 to 2**32. Previous versions of Python
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were limited because the maximum argument size the Python VM accepted
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was 2**16. This limited the size of object constructor expressions,
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e.g. [1,2,3] or {'a':1, 'b':2}, and the size of source files. This
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limit was raised thanks to a patch by Charles Waldman that effectively
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fixes the problem. It is now much more likely that you will be
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limited by available memory than by an arbitrary limit in Python.
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The interpreter's maximum recursion depth can be modified by Python
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programs using sys.getrecursionlimit and sys.setrecursionlimit. This
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limit is the maximum number of recursive calls that can be made by
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Python code. The limit exists to prevent infinite recursion from
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overflowing the C stack and causing a core dump. The default value is
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1000. The maximum safe value for a particular platform can be found
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by running Misc/find_recursionlimit.py.
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2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
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New Modules and Packages
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------------------------
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atexit - for registering functions to be called when Python exits.
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imputil - Greg Stein's alternative API for writing custom import
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hooks.
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pyexpat - an interface to the Expat XML parser, contributed by Paul
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Prescod.
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xml - a new package with XML support code organized (so far) in three
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subpackages: xml.dom, xml.sax, and xml.parsers. Describing these
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would fill a volume. There's a special feature whereby a
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user-installed package named _xmlplus overrides the standard
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xmlpackage; this is intended to give the XML SIG a hook to distribute
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backwards-compatible updates to the standard xml package.
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webbrowser - a platform-independent API to launch a web browser.
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2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
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Changed Modules
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---------------
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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array -- new methods for array objects: count, extend, index, pop, and
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remove
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binascii -- new functions b2a_hex and a2b_hex that convert between
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binary data and its hex representation
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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calendar -- Many new functions that support features including control
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over which day of the week is the first day, returning strings instead
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of printing them. Also new symbolic constants for days of week,
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e.g. MONDAY, ..., SUNDAY.
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cgi -- FieldStorage objects have a getvalue method that works like a
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dictionary's get method and returns the value attribute of the object.
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ConfigParser -- The parser object has new methods has_option,
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remove_section, remove_option, set, and write. They allow the module
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to be used for writing config files as well as reading them.
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ftplib -- ntransfercmd(), transfercmd(), and retrbinary() all now
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2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
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optionally support the RFC 959 REST command.
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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gzip -- readline and readlines now accept optional size arguments
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httplib -- New interfaces and support for HTTP/1.1 by Greg Stein. See
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the module doc strings for details.
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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locale -- implement getdefaultlocale for Win32 and Macintosh
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marshal -- no longer dumps core when marshaling deeply nested or
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recursive data structures
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os -- new functions isatty, seteuid, setegid, setreuid, setregid
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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os/popen2 -- popen2/popen3/popen4 support under Windows. popen2/popen3
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support under Unix.
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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os/pty -- support for openpty and forkpty
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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os.path -- fix semantics of os.path.commonprefix
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smtplib -- support for sending very long messages
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socket -- new function getfqdn()
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2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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readline -- new functions to read, write and truncate history files.
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The readline section of the library reference manual contains an
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example.
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2000-09-05 15:34:16 +00:00
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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select -- add interface to poll system call
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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shutil -- new copyfileobj function
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SimpleHTTPServer, CGIHTTPServer -- Fix problems with buffering in the
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HTTP server.
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2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
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Tkinter -- optimization of function flatten
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2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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|
urllib -- scans environment variables for proxy configuration,
|
2000-09-05 20:15:25 +00:00
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|
e.g. http_proxy.
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
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|
|
|
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|
|
whichdb -- recognizes dumbdbm format
|
2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Obsolete Modules
|
|
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None. However note that 1.6 made a whole slew of modules obsolete:
|
|
|
|
stdwin, soundex, cml, cmpcache, dircache, dump, find, grep, packmail,
|
|
|
|
poly, zmod, strop, util, whatsound.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Changed, New, Obsolete Tools
|
|
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 20:15:25 +00:00
|
|
|
None.
|
2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
|
|
|
C-level Changes
|
|
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Several cleanup jobs were carried out throughout the source code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All C code was converted to ANSI C; we got rid of all uses of the
|
|
|
|
Py_PROTO() macro, which makes the header files a lot more readable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Most of the portability hacks were moved to a new header file,
|
|
|
|
pyport.h; several other new header files were added and some old
|
|
|
|
header files were removed, in an attempt to create a more rational set
|
|
|
|
of header files. (Few of these ever need to be included explicitly;
|
|
|
|
they are all included by Python.h.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trent Mick ensured portability to 64-bit platforms, under both Linux
|
2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
|
|
|
and Win64, especially for the new Intel Itanium processor. Mick also
|
|
|
|
added large file support for Linux64 and Win64.
|
2000-09-05 04:38:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
|
|
|
The C APIs to return an object's size have been update to consistently
|
|
|
|
use the form PyXXX_Size, e.g. PySequence_Size and PyDict_Size. In
|
|
|
|
previous versions, the abstract interfaces used PyXXX_Length and the
|
|
|
|
concrete interfaces used PyXXX_Size. The old names,
|
|
|
|
e.g. PyObject_Length, are still available for backwards compatibility
|
|
|
|
at the API level, but are deprecated.
|
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
|
|
|
The PyOS_CheckStack function has been implemented on Windows by
|
|
|
|
Fredrik Lundh. It prevents Python from failing with a stack overflow
|
|
|
|
on Windows.
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The GC changes resulted in creation of two new slots on object,
|
|
|
|
tp_traverse and tp_clear. The augmented assignment changes result in
|
2000-09-06 13:02:08 +00:00
|
|
|
the creation of a new slot for each in-place operator.
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The GC API creates new requirements for container types implemented in
|
2000-09-06 13:02:08 +00:00
|
|
|
C extension modules. See Include/objimpl.h for details.
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
|
|
|
PyErr_Format has been updated to automatically calculate the size of
|
|
|
|
the buffer needed to hold the formatted result string. This change
|
|
|
|
prevents crashes caused by programmer error.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New C API calls: PyObject_AsFileDescriptor, PyErr_WriteUnraisable.
|
2000-09-05 18:28:54 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
|
|
|
PyRun_AnyFileEx, PyRun_SimpleFileEx, PyRun_FileEx -- New functions
|
|
|
|
that are the same as their non-Ex counterparts except they take an
|
|
|
|
extra flag argument that tells them to close the file when done.
|
2000-09-05 12:42:46 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 19:36:26 +00:00
|
|
|
XXX There were other API changes that should be fleshed out here.
|
1998-08-10 22:01:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2000-09-05 20:15:25 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Windows Changes
|
|
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New popen2/popen3/peopen4 in os module (see Changed Modules above).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
os.popen is much more usable on Windows 95 and 98. See Microsoft
|
|
|
|
Knowledge Base article Q150956. The Win9x workaround described there
|
|
|
|
is implemented by the new w9xpopen.exe helper in the root of your
|
|
|
|
Python installation. Note that Python uses this internally; it is not
|
|
|
|
a standalone program.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Administrator privileges are no longer required to install Python
|
|
|
|
on Windows NT or Windows 2000. If you have administrator privileges,
|
|
|
|
Python's registry info will be written under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
|
|
|
|
Otherwise the installer backs off to writing Python's registry info
|
2000-09-06 13:02:08 +00:00
|
|
|
under HKEY_CURRENT_USER. The latter is sufficient for all "normal"
|
2000-09-05 20:15:25 +00:00
|
|
|
uses of Python, but will prevent some advanced uses from working
|
|
|
|
(for example, running a Python script as an NT service, or possibly
|
|
|
|
from CGI).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[This was new in 1.6] The installer no longer runs a separate Tcl/Tk
|
|
|
|
installer; instead, it installs the needed Tcl/Tk files directly in the
|
|
|
|
Python directory. If you already have a Tcl/Tk installation, this
|
|
|
|
wastes some disk space (about 4 Megs) but avoids problems with
|
|
|
|
conflicting Tcl/Tk installations, and makes it much easier for Python
|
|
|
|
to ensure that Tcl/Tk can find all its files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[This was new in 1.6] The Windows installer now installs by default in
|
|
|
|
\Python20\ on the default volume, instead of \Program Files\Python-2.0\.
|
|
|
|
|
1997-12-11 20:35:47 +00:00
|
|
|
======================================================================
|