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\chapter{The Python Debugger}
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\declaremodule{standard}{pdb}
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\modulesynopsis{The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.}
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The module \module{pdb} defines an interactive source code
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debugger\index{debugging} for Python programs. It supports setting
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(conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at the source line
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level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and evaluation
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of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame. It also
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supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program
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control.
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The debugger is extensible --- it is actually defined as the class
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\class{Pdb}\withsubitem{(class in pdb)}{\ttindex{Pdb}}.
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This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the
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source. The extension interface uses the modules
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\module{bdb}\refstmodindex{bdb} (undocumented) and
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\refmodule{cmd}\refstmodindex{cmd}.
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A primitive windowing version of the debugger also exists --- this is
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module \module{wdb}\refstmodindex{wdb}, which requires
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\module{stdwin}\refbimodindex{stdwin}.
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1998-04-07 19:14:17 +00:00
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The debugger's prompt is \samp{(Pdb) }.
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Typical usage to run a program under control of the debugger is:
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\begin{verbatim}
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>>> import pdb
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>>> import mymodule
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>>> pdb.run('mymodule.test()')
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1995-04-04 12:28:53 +00:00
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> <string>(0)?()
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(Pdb) continue
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> <string>(1)?()
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(Pdb) continue
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NameError: 'spam'
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> <string>(1)?()
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(Pdb)
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\end{verbatim}
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\file{pdb.py} can also be invoked as
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a script to debug other scripts. For example:
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1998-04-07 19:14:17 +00:00
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\begin{verbatim}
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python /usr/local/lib/python1.5/pdb.py myscript.py
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\end{verbatim}
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:
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\begin{verbatim}
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>>> import pdb
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>>> import mymodule
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>>> mymodule.test()
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Traceback (innermost last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
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File "./mymodule.py", line 4, in test
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test2()
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File "./mymodule.py", line 3, in test2
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print spam
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NameError: spam
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>>> pdb.pm()
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> ./mymodule.py(3)test2()
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-> print spam
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(Pdb)
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1998-02-13 06:58:54 +00:00
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\end{verbatim}
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The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger
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in a slightly different way:
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\begin{funcdesc}{run}{statement\optional{, globals\optional{, locals}}}
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Execute the \var{statement} (given as a string) under debugger
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control. The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you
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can set breakpoints and type \samp{continue}, or you can step through
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the statement using \samp{step} or \samp{next} (all these commands are
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1995-03-02 12:37:55 +00:00
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explained below). The optional \var{globals} and \var{locals}
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arguments specify the environment in which the code is executed; by
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default the dictionary of the module \module{__main__} is used. (See
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the explanation of the \keyword{exec} statement or the
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\function{eval()} built-in function.)
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{runeval}{expression\optional{, globals\optional{, locals}}}
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Evaluate the \var{expression} (given as a a string) under debugger
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control. When \function{runeval()} returns, it returns the value of the
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expression. Otherwise this function is similar to
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\function{run()}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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1998-03-17 06:33:25 +00:00
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\begin{funcdesc}{runcall}{function\optional{, argument, ...}}
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Call the \var{function} (a function or method object, not a string)
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with the given arguments. When \function{runcall()} returns, it returns
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whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt appears as
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soon as the function is entered.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{set_trace}{}
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Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to
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1995-03-02 12:37:55 +00:00
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hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code
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is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{post_mortem}{traceback}
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Enter post-mortem debugging of the given \var{traceback} object.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{pm}{}
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1995-03-02 12:37:55 +00:00
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Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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\code{sys.last_traceback}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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\section{Debugger Commands \label{debugger-commands}}
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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The debugger recognizes the following commands. Most commands can be
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abbreviated to one or two letters; e.g. \samp{h(elp)} means that
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either \samp{h} or \samp{help} can be used to enter the help
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command (but not \samp{he} or \samp{hel}, nor \samp{H} or
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\samp{Help} or \samp{HELP}). Arguments to commands must be
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separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs). Optional arguments are
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enclosed in square brackets (\samp{[]}) in the command syntax; the
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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square brackets must not be typed. Alternatives in the command syntax
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are separated by a vertical bar (\samp{|}).
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered. Exception: if
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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the last command was a \samp{list} command, the next 11 lines are
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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listed.
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Commands that the debugger doesn't recognize are assumed to be Python
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statements and are executed in the context of the program being
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debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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point (\samp{!}). This is a powerful way to inspect the program
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1995-04-04 12:28:53 +00:00
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being debugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a
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function. When an
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is printed
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but the debugger's state is not changed.
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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\samp{;;}. (A single \samp{;} is not used as it is
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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the separator for multiple commands in a line that is passed to
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the Python parser.)
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No intelligence is applied to separating the commands;
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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the input is split at the first \samp{;;} pair, even if it is in
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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the middle of a quoted string.
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The debugger supports aliases. Aliases can have parameters which
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allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under
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examination.
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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If a file \file{.pdbrc}
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\indexii{.pdbrc}{file}\indexiii{debugger}{configuration}{file}
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exists in the user's home directory or in the current directory, it is
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read in and executed as if it had been typed at the debugger prompt.
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This is particularly useful for aliases. If both files exist, the one
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in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be
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overriden by the local file.
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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\begin{description}
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1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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\item[h(elp) \optional{\var{command}}]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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Without argument, print the list of available commands. With a
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\var{command} as argument, print help about that command. \samp{help
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pdb} displays the full documentation file; if the environment variable
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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\envvar{PAGER} is defined, the file is piped through that command
|
1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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instead. Since the \var{command} argument must be an identifier,
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\samp{help exec} must be entered to get help on the \samp{!} command.
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[w(here)]
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1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom. An
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arrow indicates the current frame, which determines the context of
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most commands.
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[d(own)]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Move the current frame one level down in the stack trace
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(to an older frame).
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[u(p)]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Move the current frame one level up in the stack trace
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(to a newer frame).
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1999-04-13 21:36:44 +00:00
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\item[b(reak) \optional{\optional{\var{filename}:}\var{lineno}\code{\Large{|}}\var{function}\optional{, \var{condition}}}]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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With a \var{lineno} argument, set a break there in the current
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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file. With a \var{function} argument, set a break at the first
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executable statement within that function.
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1998-07-20 23:29:10 +00:00
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The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon,
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to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that
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hasn't been loaded yet). The file is searched on \code{sys.path}.
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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Note that each breakpoint is assigned a number to which all the other
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breakpoint commands refer.
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1998-07-20 23:29:10 +00:00
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must
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evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint,
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the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current
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ignore count, and the associated condition if any.
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1999-04-13 21:36:44 +00:00
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\item[tbreak \optional{\optional{\var{filename}:}\var{lineno}\code{\Large{|}}\var{function}\optional{, \var{condition}}}]
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is
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first hit. The arguments are the same as break.
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\item[cl(ear) \optional{\var{bpnumber} \optional{\var{bpnumber ...}}}]
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With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those
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breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first
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ask confirmation).
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\item[disable \optional{\var{bpnumber} \optional{\var{bpnumber ...}}}]
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Disables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
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breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause
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the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it
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remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.
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\item[enable \optional{\var{bpnumber} \optional{\var{bpnumber ...}}}]
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Enables the breakpoints specified.
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\item[ignore \var{bpnumber} \optional{\var{count}}]
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Sets the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If
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count is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint
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becomes active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero,
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the count is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached
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and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated condition
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evaluates to true.
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\item[condition \var{bpnumber} \optional{\var{condition}}]
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Condition is an expression which must evaluate to true before
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the breakpoint is honored. If condition is absent, any existing
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condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.
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1998-07-20 23:29:10 +00:00
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[s(tep)]
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Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion
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(either in a function that is called or on the next line in the
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current function).
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[n(ext)]
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Continue execution until the next line in the current function
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is reached or it returns. (The difference between \samp{next} and
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\samp{step} is that \samp{step} stops inside a called function, while
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\samp{next} executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only
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1995-03-02 12:37:55 +00:00
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stopping at the next line in the current function.)
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[r(eturn)]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Continue execution until the current function returns.
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[c(ont(inue))]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.
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1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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\item[l(ist) \optional{\var{first\optional{, last}}}]
|
1998-09-17 17:07:15 +00:00
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1995-03-02 12:37:55 +00:00
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|
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List source code for the current file. Without arguments, list 11
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|
lines around the current line or continue the previous listing. With
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|
one argument, list 11 lines around at that line. With two arguments,
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|
list the given range; if the second argument is less than the first,
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it is interpreted as a count.
|
1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[a(rgs)]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Print the argument list of the current function.
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1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[p \var{expression}]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Evaluate the \var{expression} in the current context and print its
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1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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value. (Note: \samp{print} can also be used, but is not a debugger
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command --- this executes the Python \keyword{print} statement.)
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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1998-09-17 15:11:51 +00:00
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\item[alias \optional{\var{name} \optional{command}}]
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Creates an alias called \var{name} that executes \var{command}. The
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command must \emph{not} be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable parameters
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can be indicated by \samp{\%1}, \samp{\%2}, and so on, while \samp{\%*} is
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replaced by all the parameters. If no command is given, the current
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alias for \var{name} is shown. If no arguments are given, all
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aliases are listed.
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Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be
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legally typed at the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands
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\emph{can} be overridden by aliases. Such a command is
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then hidden until the alias is removed. Aliasing is recursively
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applied to the first word of the command line; all other words
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in the line are left alone.
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As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed
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in the \file{.pdbrc} file):
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\begin{verbatim}
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#Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")
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alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print "%1.",k,"=",%1.__dict__[k]
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#Print instance variables in self
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alias ps pi self
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\end{verbatim}
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\item[unalias \var{name}]
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Deletes the specified alias.
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1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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\item[\optional{!}\var{statement}]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Execute the (one-line) \var{statement} in the context of
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the current stack frame.
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The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word
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of the statement resembles a debugger command.
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To set a global variable, you can prefix the assignment
|
1999-04-22 16:50:40 +00:00
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command with a \samp{global} command on the same line, e.g.:
|
1998-04-07 19:14:17 +00:00
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|
1998-02-13 06:58:54 +00:00
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\begin{verbatim}
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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(Pdb) global list_options; list_options = ['-l']
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(Pdb)
|
1998-02-13 06:58:54 +00:00
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\end{verbatim}
|
1998-04-07 19:14:17 +00:00
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|
1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item[q(uit)]
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1995-03-01 15:38:16 +00:00
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Quit from the debugger.
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The program being executed is aborted.
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\end{description}
|
1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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|
\section{How It Works}
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Some changes were made to the interpreter:
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|
\begin{itemize}
|
1998-01-12 15:38:30 +00:00
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\item \code{sys.settrace(\var{func})} sets the global trace function
|
1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
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\item there can also a local trace function (see later)
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\end{itemize}
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|
1998-04-07 19:14:17 +00:00
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Trace functions have three arguments: \var{frame}, \var{event}, and
|
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|
\var{arg}. \var{frame} is the current stack frame. \var{event} is a
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|
|
string: \code{'call'}, \code{'line'}, \code{'return'} or
|
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|
|
\code{'exception'}. \var{arg} depends on the event type.
|
1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
|
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|
1997-10-27 19:57:20 +00:00
|
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|
The global trace function is invoked (with \var{event} set to
|
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|
|
\code{'call'}) whenever a new local scope is entered; it should return
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|
a reference to the local trace function to be used that scope, or
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|
\code{None} if the scope shouldn't be traced.
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|
The local trace function should return a reference to itself (or to
|
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|
|
another function for further tracing in that scope), or \code{None} to
|
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|
|
turn off tracing in that scope.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instance methods are accepted (and very useful!) as trace functions.
|
1995-03-17 16:07:09 +00:00
|
|
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|
|
|
|
The events have the following meaning:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\item[\code{'call'}]
|
|
|
|
A function is called (or some other code block entered). The global
|
|
|
|
trace function is called; arg is the argument list to the function;
|
|
|
|
the return value specifies the local trace function.
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
\item[\code{'line'}]
|
|
|
|
The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code (sometimes
|
|
|
|
multiple line events on one line exist). The local trace function is
|
|
|
|
called; arg in None; the return value specifies the new local trace
|
|
|
|
function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\item[\code{'return'}]
|
|
|
|
A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace
|
|
|
|
function is called; arg is the value that will be returned. The trace
|
|
|
|
function's return value is ignored.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\item[\code{'exception'}]
|
|
|
|
An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; arg is
|
|
|
|
a triple (exception, value, traceback); the return value specifies the
|
|
|
|
new local trace function
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an
|
|
|
|
\code{'exception'} event is generated at each level.
|
|
|
|
|
1998-03-11 06:29:59 +00:00
|
|
|
For more information on code and frame objects, refer to the
|
1999-11-09 20:10:01 +00:00
|
|
|
\citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual}.
|