cpython/PLAN.txt

Project: core implementation
****************************

Tasks:

Do binary operators properly.  nb_add should try to call self.__add__
and other.__radd__.  I think I'll exclude base types that define any
binary operator without setting the CHECKTYPES flag.  *** This is
done, AFAICT.  Even supports __truediv__ and __floordiv__. ***

Fix comparisons.  There's some nasty stuff here: when two types are
not the same, and they're not instances, the fallback code doesn't
account for the possibility that they might be subtypes of a common
base type that defines a comparison.

Fix subtype_dealloc().  This currently searches through the list of
base types until it finds a type whose tp_dealloc is not
subtype_dealloc.  I think this is not safe.  I think the alloc/dealloc
policy needs to be rethought.  *** There's an idea here that I haven't
worked out yet: just as object creation now has separate API's tp_new,
tp_alloc, and tp_init, destruction has tp_dealloc and tp_free.  (Maybe
tp_fini should be added to correspond to tp_init?)  Something
could/should be done with this. ***

Clean up isinstance(), issubclass() and their C equivalents.  There
are a bunch of different APIs here and not all of them do the right
thing yet.  There should be fewer APIs and their implementation should
be simpler.  The old "abstract subclass" test should probably
disappear (if we want to root out ExtensionClass).  *** I think I've
done 90% of this by creating PyType_IsSubtype() and using it
appropriately.  For now, the old "abstract subclass" test is still
there, and there may be some places where PyObject_IsSubclass() is
called where PyType_IsSubtype() would be more appropriate. ***

Check for conflicts between base classes.  I fear that the rules used
to decide whether multiple bases have conflicting instance variables
aren't strict enough.  I think that sometimes two different classes
adding __dict__ may be incompatible after all.

Check for order conflicts.  Suppose there are two base classes X and
Y.  Suppose class B derives from X and Y, and class C from Y and X (in
that order).  Now suppose class D derives from B and C.  In which
order should the base classes X and Y be searched?  This is an order
conflict, and should be disallowed; currently the test for this is not
implemented.

Clean up the GC interface.  Currently, tp_basicsize includes the GC
head size iff tp_flags includes the GC flag bit.  This makes object
size math a pain (e.g. to see if two object types have the same
instance size, you can't just compare the tp_basicsize fields -- you
have to conditionally subtract the GC head size).  Neil has a patch
that improves the API in this area, but it's backwards incompatible.
(http://sf.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=421893&group_id=5470&atid=305470)
I think I know of a way to fix the incompatibility (by switching to a
different flag bit).  *** Tim proposed a better idea: macros to access
tp_basicsize while hiding the nastiness.  This is done now, so I think
the rest of this task needn't be done. ***

Make the __dict__ of types declared with Python class statements
writable -- only statically declared types must have an immutable
dict, because they're shared between interpreter instances.  Possibly
trap writes to the __dict__ to update the corresponding tp_<slot> if
an __<slot>__ name is affected.  *** Done as part of the next task. ***

It should be an option (maybe a different metaclass, maybe a flag) to
*not* merge __dict__ with all the bases, but instead search the
__dict__ (or __introduced__?) of all bases in __mro__ order.  (This is
needed anyway to unify classes completely.)  *** Partly done.
Inheritance of slots from bases is still icky: (1) MRO is not always
respected when inheriting slots; (2) dynamic classes can't add slot
implementations in Python after creation (e.g., setting C.__hash__
doesn't set the tp_hash slot).  ***

Universal base class (object).  How can we make the object class
subclassable and define simple default methods for everything without
having these inherited by built-in types that don't want these
defaults?  *** Done, really. ***

Add error checking to the MRO calculation.  *** Done. ***

Make __new__ overridable through a Python class method (!).  Make more
of the sub-algorithms of type construction available as methods.  ***
After I implemented class methods, I found that in order to be able
to make an upcall to Base.__new__() and have it create an instance of
your class (rather than a Base instance), you can't use class methods
-- you must use static methods.  So I've implemented those too.  I've
hooked up __new__ in the right places, so the first part of this is
now done.  I've also exported the MRO calculation and made it
overridable, as metamethod mro().  I believe that closes this topic
for now.  I expect that some warts will only be really debugged when
we try to use this for some, eh, interesting types such as tuples. ***

    There was a sequel to the __new__ story (see checkins).  There
    still is a problem: object.__new__ now no longer exists, because
    it was inherited by certain extension types that could break.  But
    now when I write

        class C(object):
            def __new__(cls, *args):
                "How do I call the default __new__ implementation???"

    This was resolved nicely by putting object.__new__ back but not
    inheriting __new__ from object when the subtype is a built-in or
    extension type.

More -- I'm sure new issues will crop up as we go.


Project: loose ends and follow-through
**************************************

Tasks:

Make more (most?) built-in types act as their own factory functions.

Make more (most?) built-in types subtypable -- with or without
overridable allocation.  *** This includes descriptors!  It should be
possible to write descriptors in Python, so metaclasses can do clever
things with them. ***

Exceptions should be types.  This changes the rules, since now almost
anything can be raised (as maybe it should).  Or should we strive for
enforcement of the convention that all exceptions should be derived
from Exception?  String exceptions will be another hassle, to be
deprecated and eventually ruled out.

Standardize a module containing names for all built-in types, and
standardize on names.  E.g. should the official name of the string
type be 'str', 'string', or 'StringType'?

Create a hierarchy of types, so that e.g. int and long are both
subtypes of an abstract base type integer, which is itself a subtype
of number, etc.  A lot of thinking can go into this!

*** NEW TASK??? ***
Implement "signature" objects.  These are alluded to in PEP 252 but
not yet specified.  Supposedly they provide an easily usable API to
find out about function/method arguments.  Building these for Python
functions is simple.  Building these for built-in functions will
require a change to the PyMethodDef structure, so that a type can
provide signature information for its C methods.  (This would also
help in supporting keyword arguments for C methods with less work than
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords() currently requires.)  But should we do
this?  It's additional work and not required for any of the other
parts.


Project: making classes use the new machinery
*********************************************

Tasks:

Try to get rid of all code in classobject.c by deferring to the new
mechanisms.  How far can we get without breaking backwards
compatibility?  This is underspecified because I haven't thought much
about it yet.  Can we lose the use of PyInstance_Check() everywhere?
I would hope so!


Project: backwards compatibility
********************************

Tasks:

Make sure all code checks the proper tp_flags bit before accessing
type object fields.

Identify areas of incompatibility with Python 2.1.  Design solutions.
Implement and test.

Some specific areas: a fair amount of code probably depends on
specific types having __members__ and/or __methods__ attributes.
These are currently not present (conformant to PEP 252, which proposes
to drop them) but we may have to add them back.  This can be done in a
generic way with not too much effort.  Tim adds:  Perhaps that dir(object)
rarely returns anything but [] now is a consequence of this.  I'm very
used to doing, e.g., dir([]) or dir("") in an interactive shell to jog my
memory; also one of the reasons test_generators failed.

Another area: going all the way with classes and instances means that
type(x) == types.InstanceType won't work any more to detect instances.
Should there be a mode where this still works?  Maybe this should be
the default mode, with a warning, and an explicit way to get the new
way to work?  (Instead of a __future__ statement, I'm thinking of a
module global __metaclass__ which would provide the default metaclass
for baseless class statements.)


Project: testing
****************

Tasks:

Identify new functionality that needs testing.  Conceive unit tests
for all new functionality.  Conceive stress tests for critical
features.  Run the tests.  Fix bugs.  Repeat until satisfied.

Note: this may interact with the branch integration task.


Project: integration with main branch *** This is done - tim ***
*************************************

Tasks:

Merge changes in the HEAD branch into the descr-branch.  Then merge
the descr-branch back into the HEAD branch.

The longer we wait, the more effort this will be -- the descr-branch
forked off quite a long time ago, and there are changes everywhere in
the HEAD branch (e.g. the dict object has been radically rewritten).

On the other hand, if we do this too early, we'll have to do it again
later.

Note from Tim:  We should never again wait until literally 100s of files
are out of synch.  I don't care how often I need to do this, provided only
that it's a tractable task each time.  Once per week sounds like a good
idea.  As is, even the trunk change to rangeobject.c created more than its
proper share of merge headaches, because it confused all the other reasons
include file merges were getting conflicts (the more changes there are, the
worse diff does; indeed, I came up with the ndiff algorithm in the 80s
precisely because the source-control diff program Cray used at the time
produced minimal but *senseless* diffs, thus creating artificial conflicts;
paying unbounded attention to context does a much better job of putting
changes where they make semantic sense too; but we're stuck with Unix diff
here, and it isn't robust in this sense; if we don't keep its job simple,
it will make my job hell).

Done:
To undo or rename before final merge:  Modules/spam.c has worked its
way into the branch Unix and Windows builds (pythoncore.dsp and
PC/config.c); also imported by test_descr.py.  How about renaming to
xxsubtype.c (whatever) now? *** this is done - tim ***


Project: performance tuning
***************************

Tasks:

Pick or create a general performance benchmark for Python.  Benchmark
the new system vs. the old system.  Profile the new system.  Improve
hotspots.  Repeat until satisfied.

Note: this may interact with the branch integration task.


Project: documentation
**********************

Tasks:

Update PEP 252 (descriptors).  Describe more of the prototype
implementation

Update PEP 253 (subtyping).  Complicated architectural wrangling with
metaclasses.  There is an interaction between implementation and
description.

Write PEP 254 (unification of classes).  This should discuss what
changes for ordinary classes, and how we can make it more b/w
compatible.

Other documentation.  There needs to be user documentation,
eventually.


Project: community interaction
******************************

Tasks:

Once the PEPs are written, solicit community feedback, and formulate
responses to the feedback.  Give the community enough time to think
over this complicated proposal.  Provide the community with a
prototype implementation to test.  Try to do this *before* casting
everything in stone!

MERGE BEGIN ****************************************************************
Merge details (this section is Tim's scratchpad, but should help a lot if
he dies of frustration while wrestling with CVS <0.9 wink>).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-08-01  Merging descr-branch back into trunk.

Tagged trunk about 22:05:
    cvs tag date2001-08-01 python

Merged trunk delta into branch:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-30 -j date2001-08-01 descr

No conflicts (! first time ever!) ... but problems with pythoncore.dsp.
Resolved.

Rebuilt from scratch; ran all tests; checked into branch about 22:40.

Merged descr-branch back into trunk (SEE BELOW -- this specific way of
doing it was a bad idea):

    cvs -q -z3 up -j descr-branch python

34 conflicts.  Hmm!  OK, looks like every file in the project with an
embedded RCS Id is "a conflict".  Others make no sense, e.g., a dozen
conflicts in dictobject.c, sometimes enclosing identical(!) blobs of
source code.  And CVS remains utterly baffled by Python type object decls.
Every line of ceval.c's generator code is in conflict blocks ... OK,
there's no pattern or sense here, I'll just deal with it.

Conflicts resolved; rebuilt from scratch; test_weakref fails.  Didn't find
an obvious reason and it was late, so committed it anyway.  Tagged the
trunk then with tag:

    after-descr-branch-merge

Tracked the test_weakref failure to a botched conflict resolution in
classobject.c; checked in a fix.

LATER:  The merge should have been done via:

    upd -j date2001-08-01 -j descr-branch python

instead.  This would have caused only one conflict, a baffler in
bltinmodule.c.  It would have avoided the classobject.c error I made.
Luckily, except for that one, we got to the same place in the end anyway,
apart from a few curious tabs-vs-spaces differences.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-30

Doing this again while the expat and Windows installer changes are still
fresh on my mind.

Tagged trunk about 23:50 EDT on the 29th:
    cvs tag date2001-07-30 python

Merged trunk delta into branch:

    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-28 -j date2001-07-30 descr

2 conflicts, resolved.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-28

Tagged trunk about 00:31 EDT:
    cvs tag date2001-07-28 python

Merged trunk delta into branch:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-21 -j date2001-07-28 descr

4 conflicts, all RCS Ids.  Resolved.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-21

Tagged trunk about 01:00 EDT:
    cvs tag date2001-07-21 python

Merged trunk delta into branch:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-17b -j date2001-07-21 descr

4 conflicts, mostly RCS Id thingies.  Resolved.

Legit failure in new test_repr, because repr.py dispatches on the exact
string returned by type(x).  type(1L) and type('s') differ in descr-branch
now, and repr.py didn't realize that, falling back to the "unknown type"
case for longs and strings.  Repaired descr-branch repr.py.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-19

Removed the r22a1-branch tag (see next entry).  Turns out Guido did add a
r22a1 tag, so the r22a1-branch tag served no point anymore.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-18  2.2a1 releaase

Immediately after the merge just below, I tagged descr-branch via

    cvs tag r22a1-branch descr

Guido may or may not want to add another tag here (? maybe he wants to do
some more Unix fiddling first).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-17  building 2.2a1 release, from descr-branch

Tagged trunk about 22:00 EDT, like so:
    cvs tag date2001-07-17b python

Merged trunk delta into branch via:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-17a -j date2001-07-17b descr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-17

Tagged trunk about 00:05 EDT, like so:
    cvs tag date2001-07-17a python

Merged trunk delta into branch via:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-16 -j date2001-07-17a descr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-16

Tagged trunk about 15:20 EDT, like so:
    cvs tag date2001-07-16 python

Guido then added all the other dist/ directories to descr-branch from that
trunk tag.

Tim then merged trunk delta into the branch via:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-15 -j date2001-07-16 descr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-15

Tagged trunk about 15:44 EDT, like so:
    cvs tag date2001-07-15 python

Merged trunk delta into branch via:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-13 -j date2001-07-15 descr

Four files with conflicts, all artificial RCS Id & Revision thingies.
Resolved and committed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-13

Tagged trunk about 22:13 EDT, like so:
    cvs tag date2001-07-13 python

Merged trunk delta into branch via:
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-06 -j date2001-07-13 descr

Six(!) files with conflicts, mostly related to NeilS's generator gc patches.
Unsure why, but CVS seems always to think there are conflicts whenever a
line in a type object decl gets changed, and the conflict marking seems
maximally confused in these cases.  Anyway, since I reviewed those patches
on the trunk, good thing I'm merging them, and darned glad it's still fresh
on my mind.

Resolved the conflicts, and committed the changes in a few hours total.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-07

Merge of trunk tag date2001-07-06 into descr-branch, via
    cvs -q -z3 up -j date2001-07-06 mergedescr
was committed on 2001-07-07.

Merge issues:

(all resolved -- GvR)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001-07-06

Tagged trunk a bit after midnight, like so:

C:\Code>cvs tag date2001-07-06 python
cvs server: Tagging python
cvs server: Tagging python/dist
cvs server: Tagging python/dist/src
T python/dist/src/.cvsignore
T python/dist/src/LICENSE
T python/dist/src/Makefile.pre.in
T python/dist/src/README
... [& about 3000 lines more] ...

This is the first trunk snapshot to be merged into the descr-branch.
Gave it a date instead of a goofy name because there's going to be more
than one of these, and at least it's obvious which of two ISO dates comes
earlier.  These tags should go away after all merging is complete.
MERGE END ******************************************************************