From 2aff38afc430faf0b0c14a6b2332df46e37fa7d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Hynek Schlawack Date: Tue, 20 Dec 2022 07:49:00 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Convert types.rst to md --- docs/types.md | 108 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ docs/types.rst | 108 ------------------------------------------------- 2 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) create mode 100644 docs/types.md delete mode 100644 docs/types.rst diff --git a/docs/types.md b/docs/types.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9bbb7fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/types.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# Type Annotations + +*attrs* comes with first class support for type annotations for both Python 3.6 ({pep}`526`) and legacy syntax. + +However they will forever remain *optional*, therefore the example from the README could also be written as: + +```{eval-rst} +.. doctest:: + + >>> from attrs import define, field + + >>> @define + ... class SomeClass: + ... a_number = field(default=42) + ... list_of_numbers = field(factory=list) + + >>> sc = SomeClass(1, [1, 2, 3]) + >>> sc + SomeClass(a_number=1, list_of_numbers=[1, 2, 3]) +``` + +You can choose freely between the approaches, but please remember that if you choose to use type annotations, you **must** annotate **all** attributes! + +--- + +Even when going all-in on type annotations, you will need {func}`attrs.field` for some advanced features though. + +One of those features are the decorator-based features like defaults. +It's important to remember that *attrs* doesn't do any magic behind your back. +All the decorators are implemented using an object that is returned by the call to {func}`attrs.field`. + +Attributes that only carry a class annotation do not have that object so trying to call a method on it will inevitably fail. + +--- + +Please note that types -- regardless how added -- are *only metadata* that can be queried from the class and they aren't used for anything out of the box! + +Because Python does not allow references to a class object before the class is defined, +types may be defined as string literals, so-called *forward references* ({pep}`526`). +You can enable this automatically for a whole module by using `from __future__ import annotations` ({pep}`563`) as of Python 3.7. +In this case *attrs* simply puts these string literals into the `type` attributes. +If you need to resolve these to real types, you can call {func}`attrs.resolve_types` which will update the attribute in place. + +In practice though, types show their biggest usefulness in combination with tools like [*Mypy*], [*pytype*], or [*Pyright*] that have dedicated support for *attrs* classes. + +The addition of static types is certainly one of the most exciting features in the Python ecosystem and helps you write *correct* and *verified self-documenting* code. + +If you don't know where to start, Carl Meyer gave a great talk on [*Type-checked Python in the Real World*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMgmKJyWKn8) at PyCon US 2018 that will help you to get started in no time. + + +## Mypy + +While having a nice syntax for type metadata is great, it's even greater that [*Mypy*] as of 0.570 ships with a dedicated *attrs* plugin which allows you to statically check your code. + +Imagine you add another line that tries to instantiate the defined class using `SomeClass("23")`. +Mypy will catch that error for you: + +```console +$ mypy t.py +t.py:12: error: Argument 1 to "SomeClass" has incompatible type "str"; expected "int" +``` + +This happens *without* running your code! + +And it also works with *both* Python 2-style annotation styles. +To *Mypy*, this code is equivalent to the one above: + +```python +@attr.s +class SomeClass: + a_number = attr.ib(default=42) # type: int + list_of_numbers = attr.ib(factory=list, type=list[int]) +``` + + +## Pyright + +*attrs* provides support for [*Pyright*] though the [`dataclass_transform`] specification. +This provides static type inference for a subset of *attrs* equivalent to standard-library {mod}`dataclasses`, +and requires explicit type annotations using the {func}`attrs.define` or `@attr.s(auto_attribs=True)` API. + +Given the following definition, *Pyright* will generate static type signatures for `SomeClass` attribute access, `__init__`, `__eq__`, and comparison methods: + +``` +@attr.define +class SomeClass: + a_number: int = 42 + list_of_numbers: list[int] = attr.field(factory=list) +``` + +:::{warning} +The *Pyright* inferred types are a tiny subset of those supported by *Mypy*, including: + +- The generated `__init__` signature only includes the attribute type annotations. + It currently does not include attribute `converter` types. + +- The `attrs.frozen` decorator is not typed with frozen attributes, which are properly typed via `attrs.define(frozen=True)`. + + A [full list](https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/blob/main/specs/dataclass_transforms.md#attrs) of limitations and incompatibilities can be found in *Pyright*'s repository. + +Your constructive feedback is welcome in both [attrs#795](https://github.com/python-attrs/attrs/issues/795) and [pyright#1782](https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/discussions/1782). +Generally speaking, the decision on improving *attrs* support in *Pyright* is entirely Microsoft's prerogative, though. +::: + +[`dataclass_transform`]: https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/blob/main/specs/dataclass_transforms.md +[*Mypy*]: http://mypy-lang.org +[*Pyright*]: https://github.com/microsoft/pyright +[*pytype*]: https://google.github.io/pytype/ diff --git a/docs/types.rst b/docs/types.rst deleted file mode 100644 index e4f7c85d..00000000 --- a/docs/types.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -Type Annotations -================ - -``attrs`` comes with first class support for type annotations for both Python 3.6 (:pep:`526`) and legacy syntax. - -However they will forever remain *optional*, therefore the example from the README could also be written as: - -.. doctest:: - - >>> from attrs import define, field - - >>> @define - ... class SomeClass: - ... a_number = field(default=42) - ... list_of_numbers = field(factory=list) - - >>> sc = SomeClass(1, [1, 2, 3]) - >>> sc - SomeClass(a_number=1, list_of_numbers=[1, 2, 3]) - -You can choose freely between the approaches, but please remember that if you choose to use type annotations, you **must** annotate **all** attributes! - ----- - -Even when going all-in on type annotations, you will need `attr.field` for some advanced features though. - -One of those features are the decorator-based features like defaults. -It's important to remember that ``attrs`` doesn't do any magic behind your back. -All the decorators are implemented using an object that is returned by the call to `attrs.field`. - -Attributes that only carry a class annotation do not have that object so trying to call a method on it will inevitably fail. - -***** - -Please note that types -- however added -- are *only metadata* that can be queried from the class and they aren't used for anything out of the box! - -Because Python does not allow references to a class object before the class is defined, -types may be defined as string literals, so-called *forward references* (:pep:`526`). -You can enable this automatically for a whole module by using ``from __future__ import annotations`` (:pep:`563`) as of Python 3.7. -In this case ``attrs`` simply puts these string literals into the ``type`` attributes. -If you need to resolve these to real types, you can call `attrs.resolve_types` which will update the attribute in place. - -In practice though, types show their biggest usefulness in combination with tools like mypy_, pytype_, or pyright_ that have dedicated support for ``attrs`` classes. - -The addition of static types is certainly one of the most exciting features in the Python ecosystem and helps you write *correct* and *verified self-documenting* code. - -If you don't know where to start, Carl Meyer gave a great talk on `Type-checked Python in the Real World `_ at PyCon US 2018 that will help you to get started in no time. - - -mypy ----- - -While having a nice syntax for type metadata is great, it's even greater that mypy_ as of 0.570 ships with a dedicated ``attrs`` plugin which allows you to statically check your code. - -Imagine you add another line that tries to instantiate the defined class using ``SomeClass("23")``. -Mypy will catch that error for you: - -.. code-block:: console - - $ mypy t.py - t.py:12: error: Argument 1 to "SomeClass" has incompatible type "str"; expected "int" - -This happens *without* running your code! - -And it also works with *both* Python 2-style annotation styles. -To mypy, this code is equivalent to the one above: - -.. code-block:: python - - @attr.s - class SomeClass: - a_number = attr.ib(default=42) # type: int - list_of_numbers = attr.ib(factory=list, type=list[int]) - - -pyright -------- - -``attrs`` provides support for pyright_ though the dataclass_transform_ specification. -This provides static type inference for a subset of ``attrs`` equivalent to standard-library ``dataclasses``, -and requires explicit type annotations using the `attrs.define` or ``@attr.s(auto_attribs=True)`` API. - -Given the following definition, ``pyright`` will generate static type signatures for ``SomeClass`` attribute access, ``__init__``, ``__eq__``, and comparison methods:: - - @attr.define - class SomeClass: - a_number: int = 42 - list_of_numbers: list[int] = attr.field(factory=list) - -.. warning:: - - The ``pyright`` inferred types are a subset of those supported by ``mypy``, including: - - - The generated ``__init__`` signature only includes the attribute type annotations. - It currently does not include attribute ``converter`` types. - - - The ``attr.frozen`` decorator is not typed with frozen attributes, which are properly typed via ``attr.define(frozen=True)``. - - A `full list `_ of limitations and incompatibilities can be found in pyright's repository. - - Your constructive feedback is welcome in both `attrs#795 `_ and `pyright#1782 `_. - Generally speaking, the decision on improving ``attrs`` support in pyright is entirely Microsoft's prerogative though. - - -.. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org -.. _pytype: https://google.github.io/pytype/ -.. _pyright: https://github.com/microsoft/pyright -.. _dataclass_transform: https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/blob/main/specs/dataclass_transforms.md